Evidence of arthropod-plant interactions in the Upper Triassic of the southwestern United States
Evidence of arthropod-plant interactions in the Upper Triassic of the southwestern United States
复制标题
DOI：
10.1111/j.1502-3931.1996.tb01657.x
复制
发表时间：
1996-09-01
期刊：
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
Ash, S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ash, S
来自美国西南部上三叠世钦勒组的树叶显示出为几种不同类型的节肢动物提供营养和庇护的证据。这一证据包括三个或四个形态型的喂养痕迹和一个明确的类型的胆汁。取食痕迹出现在丝状蕨类Cynepteris lasiophora（Daughterus）Ash的羽片上，以及bennettitalean叶Zamites sp.和Marcouia neuropteroides Ash的羽片上，后者是一种关系不确定的裸子植物叶。典型地，供给迹线的长度仅为几mm，并且具有光滑、连续的边缘，其通常由代表响应于供给而形成的反应组织的窄的暗带界定。这种组织的存在表明叶片在损伤发生后继续发挥功能，同时它们仍然附着在亲本植物上。相对较小的尺寸和形状的进食痕迹表明，它们最有可能是由食草昆虫产生的。在Dechellyia gormanii Ash的叶子上发现了类似于胆囊的分泌物，这是另一种关系不确定的裸子植物化石。肩胛骨轮廓清晰，圆形至三角形，呈球根状。通常，在一片叶子上只发生一次这样的肿胀。具有这些突起的叶通常在干扰下扭曲或突然终止，特别是如果结构延伸到叶的边缘。这种瘿类似于由瘿螨在某些现代植物叶片上诱导的瘿，显然是前质体组织样的坑瘿或囊瘿。
Leaves from the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation in the southwestern United States show evidence of having provided nourishment and shelter for several different types of arthropods. This evidence consists of three or four morphotypes of Feeding traces and a well-defined type of gall. The feeding traces occur on the pinnules of the filicalean fern Cynepteris lasiophora (Daugherty) Ash and the pinnae of the bennettitalean leaf Zamites sp. and Marcouia neuropteroides Ash, a gymnosperm leaf of uncertain relationships. Typically, the feeding traces are only a few mm in length and have smooth, continuous margins which are often bordered by a narrow dark band that represents reaction tissue formed in response to feeding. Presence of this tissue indicates that the leaves continued to function after the damage occurred and while they were still attached to the parent plant. The relatively small size and shape of the feeding traces shows that they were most likely produced by grazing insects. Gall-like swellings are found on the leaves of Dechellyia gormanii Ash, another gymnosperm fossil of uncertain relationships. The swellings are well defined, round to deltoid in outline, and bulbous. Typically, only one such swelling occurs on a leaf. Leaves that have these swellings are often distorted or terminate abruptly al the disturbance, particularly if the structure extends over the edge of the leaf. The swellings resemble galls induced on leaves of certain modern plants by eriophyid mites and apparently are either prosoplasmatic histioid pit galls or pouch galls.