Role of predation and parasitism in the extinction of the inoceramid bivalves: an evaluation
Role of predation and parasitism in the extinction of the inoceramid bivalves: an evaluation
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捕食和寄生在双壳类动物灭绝中的作用：评估
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Peter J. Harries
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Colin R. Ozanne;Peter J. Harries
在整个晚中生代，双壳类是海洋、脚底生物群落的主要组成部分。它们在马斯特里赫特早期经历了快速衰退，在白垩纪-第三纪（K-T）界线之前，几乎所有的分类群都消失了1.5 Myr。它们消亡的最终原因仍有争议。本研究评估了捕食、寄生和/或疾病在北美西部内陆海道（WIS）早期马斯特里赫特免疫虫的进化和灭绝中所起的作用。升级——捕食者和猎物之间的“进化军备竞赛”——据说是进化中最具影响力的选择因素之一。在Turonian之前，关于接种虫的捕食、寄生和疾病的证据几乎没有记载。然而，从晚白垩世皮埃尔页岩中发现的虫壳类动物种群显示出个体数量的显著增加，这些个体中保存了试图捕食和/或寄生的证据。Baculites baculus和B. grandis amonite生物带（上坎帕尼亚区至下马斯特里希特区）之间的捕食和/或寄生比例从2.6%稳步上升至44.6%。壳类畸形的急剧增加与短爪蟹的快速破壳辐射有关，可能与短爪蟹的活动有关。新的、高效的捕食者，如短爪蟹的引入，再加上寄生虫和疾病，可能会给接种种群带来压力。因此，它们可能比在正常的“背景”条件下更容易受到环境扰动的影响。疫苗类的消失，至少从WIS来看，可能是少数几个几乎整个家族在“进化军备竞赛”中失败的案例之一。
The inoceramid bivalves were dominant constituents of marine, epifaunal communities throughout the Late Mesozoic. They experienced a rapid decline in the Early Maastrichtian and virtually all taxa disappeared 1.5 Myr prior to the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) boundary. The ultimate cause for their demise is still controversial. This study evaluates the role predation, parasitism and/or disease played in the evolution and extinction of Early Maastrichtian inoceramids from the Western Interior Seaway of North America (WIS). Escalation - the ‘evolutionary arms race’ between predators and prey - is said to be one of the most influential selective agents in evolution. Evidence of predation, parasitism, and disease in inoceramids is virtually undocumented prior to the Turonian. However, populations of inoceramids from the Late Cretaceous Pierre Shale show a marked increase in the number of individuals in which evidence for attempted predation and/or parasitism is preserved. The percentage of predation and/or parasitism steadily increases between the Baculites baculus and the B. grandis ammonite biozones (uppermost Campanian through Lower Maastrichtian) from 2.6% to values as high as 44.6%. The dramatic increase in shell deformities among inoceramids corresponds to a rapid radiation of shell-crushing brachyuran crabs and may be related to their activity. The introduction of new, efficient predators, such as brachyuran crabs, combined with parasitism and disease could have stressed inoceramid populations. Thus, they may have been more susceptible to environmental perturbations than under normal ‘background’ conditions. The disappearance of the inoceramids, at least from the WIS, may be one of the few cases where virtually an entire family lost the ‘evolutionary arms race’.