Pathology from evolutionary conflict, with a theory of X chromosome versus autosome conflict over sexually antagonistic traits
Pathology from evolutionary conflict, with a theory of X chromosome versus autosome conflict over sexually antagonistic traits
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1100921108
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发表时间：
2011-06-28
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Crespi, Bernard J.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Frank, Steven A.;Crespi, Bernard J.
进化的冲突导致对手在性状的调节上越来越努力地向相反的方向推进。人们只能从被夸大的对立力量的平衡中看到中间的结果。中间表达隐藏了潜在的冲突，可能会误导人们得出这样的结论，即性状调节旨在实现有效和稳健的表达，而不是由冲突的不稳定解决引起的。扰动经常揭示进化冲突的潜在本质。当冲突中的一方发生突变或被击倒时，另一方先前隐藏和夸大的对该特征的推动可能会导致极端的、病态的表达。在这方面，病理学揭示了隐藏的进化设计。我们首先回顾了雄性和雌性之间的几个进化冲突，包括交配，受精和后代生长速度的冲突。这些冲突的干扰导致不育、生长失调、癌症、行为异常和精神疾病。然后，我们转向两性之间对男性和女性特征的对抗。对于许多性状，不同的性别倾向于不同的表型值，并且限制因素阻止了性别中完全不同的表达。在这种情况下，性拮抗，我们提出了一个理论的冲突之间的X连锁基因和常染色体基因。我们认为，X染色体和常染色体之间夸张的冲突力量失调可能与各种病理所造成的极端表达沿着男性-女性轴。冲突的X连锁和常染色体基因的快速进化可能会导致种群和物种形成之间的分歧。
Evolutionary conflicts cause opponents to push increasingly hard and in opposite directions on the regulation of traits. One can see only the intermediate outcome from the balance of the exaggerated and opposed forces. Intermediate expression hides the underlying conflict, potentially misleading one to conclude that trait regulation is designed to achieve efficient and robust expression, rather than arising by the precarious resolution of conflict. Perturbation often reveals the underlying nature of evolutionary conflict. Upon mutation or knockout of one side in the conflict, the other previously hidden and exaggerated push on the trait may cause extreme, pathological expression. In this regard, pathology reveals hidden evolutionary design. We first review several evolutionary conflicts between males and females, including conflicts over mating, fertilization, and the growth rate of offspring. Perturbations of these conflicts lead to infertility, misregulated growth, cancer, behavioral abnormalities, and psychiatric diseases. We then turn to antagonism between the sexes over traits present in both males and females. For many traits, the different sexes favor different phenotypic values, and constraints prevent completely distinct expression in the sexes. In this case of sexual antagonism, we present a theory of conflict between X-linked genes and autosomal genes. We suggest that dysregulation of the exaggerated conflicting forces between the X chromosome and the autosomes may be associated with various pathologies caused by extreme expression along the male-female axis. Rapid evolution of conflicting X-linked and autosomal genes may cause divergence between populations and speciation.