Interactions between background matching and motion during visual detection can explain why cryptic animals keep still
Interactions between background matching and motion during visual detection can explain why cryptic animals keep still
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DOI：
10.1098/rsbl.2008.0758
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发表时间：
2009-04-23
期刊：
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Krause, Jens
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ioannou, Christos C.;Krause, Jens
行为和形态之间共同进化的一个广泛的例子是隐型与不动有关。然而，令人惊讶的是，这种关联的适应性功能从未在实验中进行过研究。我们测试了被捕食者发现的风险是否受到隐蔽、移动或这两种特征之间的相互作用的影响。我们发现，为了避免被三棘棘鱼发现和攻击，摇尾蛾幼虫既需要匹配它们的背景，又需要保持静止。此外，相对而言，更活跃的个体是来自隐蔽的猎物群体，而不是来自明显的猎物群体。因此，与其说隐藏和保持静止都有助于降低检测率，倒不如说这两个特征在降低检测率方面是协同的。这种相互依存关系暗示了背景匹配和运动的共同进化，以及反捕食者特征和捕食者视觉系统之间的共同进化。
A widespread example of coevolution between behaviour and morphology is that crypsis is associated with motionlessness. Surprisingly, however, the adaptive function of this association has never been investigated experimentally. We tested whether the risk of being detected by a predator is affected by crypsis, movement or an interaction between these two traits. We show that, to avoid being detected and attacked by three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.), chironomid larvae need both to match their background and to keep still. Additionally, relatively more active individuals were targeted from cryptic prey groups, but not from conspicuous ones. Therefore, rather than crypsis and keeping still both contributing to reducing detection, the two traits are synergistic in reducing detection rates. This interdependence has implications for the coevolution of background matching and motion, and also between anti-predator traits and predators' visual systems.