Habituation of reinforcer effectiveness.
Habituation of reinforcer effectiveness.
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DOI：
10.3389/fnint.2013.00107
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发表时间：
2014-01-09
影响因子：
3.5
通讯作者：
Richards JB
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Lloyd DR;Medina DJ;Hawk LW;Fosco WD;Richards JB
在本文中，我们提出了一个综合模型的习惯化的强化效果（HRE），链接行为和神经为基础的解释。我们认为，HRE是一个基本属性的强化刺激。大多数强化模型隐含地表明，重复呈现的效果是稳定的。相反，HRE方法预测由于重复呈现而导致的有效性降低。我们认为，重复呈现强化刺激会降低其有效性，这些降低是由习惯化的行为特征所描述的。我们描述了一个神经模型，假定多巴胺神经传递和HRE之间的正相关。我们提出的证据表明，刺激性药物，人为地增加多巴胺神经传递，破坏（慢）正常发生的HRE，也提供了证据，刺激性药物有不同的影响，由快速与缓慢的HRE率维持的操作性反应。我们推测，由于遗传和/或环境因素的异常HRE可能是一些行为障碍的基础。例如，最近的研究表明，慢HRE是肥胖的预测。相反，ADHD可能反映了“加速HRE”。考虑HRE对于开发有效的基于骨水泥的治疗方法非常重要。最后，我们指出，大多数的强化刺激，调节日常行为是非消耗性的环境/社会刺激，具有快速的HRE。在动物临床前研究中几乎完全使用HRE缓慢的消耗性生物制剂可能导致HRE的重要性被忽视。需要进一步研究快速HRE强化刺激，以了解习惯化和强化如何相互作用和调节行为。
In this paper we propose an integrative model of habituation of reinforcer effectiveness (HRE) that links behavioral- and neural-based explanations of reinforcement. We argue that HRE is a fundamental property of reinforcing stimuli. Most reinforcement models implicitly suggest that the effectiveness of a reinforcer is stable across repeated presentations. In contrast, an HRE approach predicts decreased effectiveness due to repeated presentation. We argue that repeated presentation of reinforcing stimuli decreases their effectiveness and that these decreases are described by the behavioral characteristics of habituation. We describe a neural model that postulates a positive association between dopamine neurotransmission and HRE. We present evidence that stimulant drugs, which artificially increase dopamine neurotransmission, disrupt (slow) normally occurring HRE and also provide evidence that stimulant drugs have differential effects on operant responding maintained by reinforcers with rapid vs. slow HRE rates. We hypothesize that abnormal HRE due to genetic and/or environmental factors may underlie some behavioral disorders. For example, recent research indicates that slow-HRE is predictive of obesity. In contrast ADHD may reflect “accelerated-HRE.” Consideration of HRE is important for the development of effective reinforcement-based treatments. Finally, we point out that most of the reinforcing stimuli that regulate daily behavior are non-consumable environmental/social reinforcers which have rapid-HRE. The almost exclusive use of consumable reinforcers with slow-HRE in pre-clinical studies with animals may have caused the importance of HRE to be overlooked. Further study of reinforcing stimuli with rapid-HRE is needed in order to understand how habituation and reinforcement interact and regulate behavior.