Data-Independent Memory Hard Functions: New Attacks and Stronger Constructions
Data-Independent Memory Hard Functions: New Attacks and Stronger Constructions
复制标题
数据独立的内存硬功能:新的攻击和更强大的结构
DOI:
10.1007/978-3-030-26951-7_20
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发表时间:
2019
期刊:
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Zhou, S.
中科院分区:
文献类型:
--
作者:
Blocki, J;Harsha, B;Kang, S;Lee, S;Xing, L;Zhou, S.
Memory-hard functions (MHFs) are a key cryptographic primitive underlying the design of moderately expensive password hashing algorithms and egalitarian proofs of work. Over the past few years several increasingly stringent goals for an MHF have been proposed including the requirement that the MHF have high sequential space-time (ST) complexity, parallel space-time complexity, amortized area-time (aAT) complexity and sustained space complexity. Data-Independent Memory Hard Functions (iMHFs) are of special interest in the context of password hashing as they naturally resist side-channel attacks. iMHFs can be specified using a directed acyclic graph (DAG)Gwithnodes and low indegree and the complexity of the iMHF can be analyzed using a pebbling game. Recently, Alwen et al. [ABH17] constructed a DAG called DRSample that has aAT complexity at least. Asymptotically DRSample outperformed all prior iMHF constructions including Argon2i, winner of the password hashing competition (aAT cost), though the constants in these bounds are poorly understood. We show that the greedy pebbling strategy of Boneh et al. [BCS16] is particularly effective against DRSample e.g., the aAT cost is. In fact, our empirical analysisreversesthe prior conclusion of Alwen et al. that DRSample provides stronger resistance to known pebbling attacks for practical values of. We construct a new iMHF candidate (DRSample+BRG) by using the bit-reversal graph to extend DRSample. We then prove that the construction is asymptotically optimal under every MHF criteria, and we empirically demonstrate that our iMHF provides the best resistance toknownpebbling attacks. For example, we show that any parallel pebbling attack either has aAT costor requires at leaststeps withpebbles on the DAG. This makes our construction the first practical iMHF with a strong sustained space-complexity guarantee and immediately implies that any parallel pebbling has aAT complexity. We also prove that any sequential pebbling (including the greedy pebbling attack) has aAT costand, if a plausible conjecture holds, any parallel pebbling has aAT cost—the best possible bound for an iMHF. We implement our new iMHF and demonstrate that it is just as fast as Argon2. Along the way we propose a simple modification to the Argon2 round function that increases an attacker’s aAT cost by nearly an order of magnitude without increasing running time on a CPU. Finally, we give a pebbling reduction that proves that in the parallel random oracle model (PROM) the cost of evaluating an iMHF like Argon2i or DRSample+BRG is given by the pebbling cost of the underlying DAG. Prior pebbling reductions assumed that the iMHF round function concatenates input labels before hashing and did not apply to practical iMHFs such as Argon2i, DRSample or DRSample+BRG where input labels are instead XORed together.
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影响因子:
3
作者:
M. Wiener
通讯作者:
M. Wiener
DOI:
--
发表时间:
2017
期刊:
Theory of Cryptography Conference
影响因子:
--
作者:
J. Alwen;Björn Tackmann
通讯作者:
Björn Tackmann
DOI:
10.1007/978-3-662-45608-8_16
发表时间:
2014-12
期刊:
--
影响因子:
--
作者:
C. Forler;S. Lucks;Jakob Wenzel
通讯作者:
C. Forler;S. Lucks;Jakob Wenzel
DOI:
--
发表时间:
2017
期刊:
Theory of Cryptography Conference
影响因子:
--
作者:
Ling Ren;S. Devadas
通讯作者:
S. Devadas
影响因子:
0.6
作者:
Thomas Lengauer
通讯作者:
Thomas Lengauer