Willingness to pay for COVID-19 mitigation measures in public transport and paratransit in low-income countries.
Willingness to pay for COVID-19 mitigation measures in public transport and paratransit in low-income countries.
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DOI：
10.1016/j.tra.2022.103561
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发表时间：
2023-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Wadud Z
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Bwambale A;Uzondu C;Islam M;Rahman F;Batool Z;Isolo Mukwaya P;Wadud Z
为对抗COVID-19的传播，大多数国家采取了各种措施，使公共交通和辅助交通更加安全。这些额外措施，包括限制乘客人数、提供洗手液和面部覆盖物以及更频繁的清洁，增加了运营成本或降低了盈利能力。由此对运输经营者造成的财政压力提出了一个重要问题，即谁来支付这些额外措施的费用。在大多数国家，这是通过政府对运营商的一次性救助或提高票价的战略来解决的，后者直接影响到用户。然而，即使没有这些干预措施，关注安全的消费者也可能会对其中一些干预措施提出需求并愿意为此付费。了解这种支付意愿不仅有助于运营商制定票价，还有助于政府决定所需的适当救助。本文通过使用从低收入国家的两个城市--乌干达坎帕拉和孟加拉国达卡--收集的调查数据作为案例研究，估计用户对公共交通和辅助交通（摩托车出租车）中选定的COVID-19缓解措施的支付意愿，来解决这个问题。对于公共交通工具，这些措施是-（1）社交距离（载客量减半），以及（2）强制性手部消毒和增加表面清洁，而对于辅助交通工具，这些措施是-（1）在乘客和乘客之间提供透明防护罩，以及（2）在每次行程开始时提供清洁的头盔。该研究使用效用最大化框架分析了所述偏好数据，发现实施或提供COVID-19缓解措施提高了相关公共交通或辅助交通替代方案的吸引力，交通工具使用者在做出出行决定时会在安全和成本之间做出权衡。我们发现积极的意愿支付所有四个缓解措施，这表明这些措施的潜在市场存在。我们还发现，在疫情期间，成本、旅行时间和便利性等典型的交通方式选择因素变得不那么重要，安全措施变得更加重要。
In order to combat the spread of COVID-19, various measures were taken in most countries to make public transit and paratransit safer. These additional measures, which include restrictions on number of passengers, provision of hand sanitisers and face coverings, and more frequent cleaning, add to the costs of operations or reduce profitability. The resulting financial pressure on the transport operators raises an important question on who pays for these additional measures. In most countries, this has been covered by one-time government bailouts to operators or strategies to increase fare, the latter of which directly affects the users. However, even without these interventions, there could be a demand and as such willingness to pay (WTP) for some of these intervention measures from the consumers concerned about safety. Knowing such WTP will not only help operators set their fare, but also help the governments decide the appropriate bailout needed. This paper addresses the issue by estimating the user’s willingness to pay for selected COVID-19 mitigation measures in public transport and paratransit (motorcycle taxis) using survey data collected from two cities in low-income countries as case studies – Kampala, Uganda and Dhaka, Bangladesh. For public transport, these measures are - (1) social distancing (passenger loading at half capacity), and (2) mandatory hand sanitisation and increased cleaning of surfaces, while for paratransit, they are - (1) provision of a transparent shield between the rider and the passenger, and (2) provision of cleaned helmets at the start of each trip. The study analyses stated preference data using the utility maximisation framework and finds that the implementation or provision of COVID-19 mitigation measures improves the attractiveness of the associated public transport or paratransit alternatives, and transport users make trade-offs between safety and cost when making travel decisions. We find positive willingness to pay for all four mitigation measures, suggesting potential existence of a market for these measures. We also find that the typical mode choice factors such as costs, travel time and convenience became less important during the pandemic and the safety measures became more important considerations.
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