Subsurface fluid injection and induced seismicity in southeast Saskatchewan
Subsurface fluid injection and induced seismicity in southeast Saskatchewan
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萨斯喀彻温省东南部的地下流体注入和诱发地震活动
DOI：
10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.04.007
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
3.9
通讯作者：
Verdon J
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Verdon J
为了在继续使用化石燃料作为能源的同时减少二氧化碳的排放，可以将发电站等大型点源排放的二氧化碳捕获并储存在合适的地下沉积层中。然而，人们担心，注入加压的二氧化碳可能会改变地下应力状态，导致断层重新激活，引发诱发地震活动。自20世纪50年代以来，萨斯喀彻温省东南部一直有广泛的石油和天然气活动。近年来，包括水力压裂在内的页岩油生产蓬勃发展。它也是两个世界领先的CCS项目的所在地，Weyburn-Midale二氧化碳监测和储存项目和边界水坝/水库项目。本文的目的是评估在萨斯喀彻温省东南部是否有任何常规油田作业、页岩油活动或CCS引起了诱发地震活动。我们发现该地区的自然地震活动率很低，没有证据表明任何一种油田活动引起了诱发事件。然而，地震活动与该地区的钾肥开采活动有关。目前尚不清楚，开采碳酸钾引发的事件是由矿区上方的下沉引发的，还是由废盐水的重新注入引发的。将萨斯喀彻温东南部的情况与其他地区的情况进行比较是很有趣的，这些地区的注入引起的地震活动数量大幅增加。值得注意的是，在许多已经发现注入诱发地震活动的地区，流体注入是进入与结晶前寒武纪基底水力连接的基底含水层。相比之下，萨斯喀彻温东南部的大部分油田活动都在石炭纪地层，而唯一经历净产量增长的单元是白垩纪地层。初步认为，诱发地震活动的缺乏是由于注入与基底岩石水力隔离，尽管也可能是该地区的应力条件不太有利于诱发地震活动。
In order to mitigate CO2emissions while continuing to use fossil fuels as an energy source, CO2emissions from large point sources such as power stations can be captured and stored in suitable subsurface sedimentary formations. However, concerns have been raised that the injection of pressurized CO2may alter the subsurface stress state, leading to the re-activation of faults and generating induced seismic activity. Southeast Saskatchewan has seen extensive oil and gas activity since the 1950s. This activity includes, in recent years, a boom in shale oil production entailing hydraulic fracturing. It is also home to two world-leading CCS projects, the Weyburn-Midale CO2Monitoring and Storage Project, and the Boundary Dam/Aquistore Project. The aim of this paper is to assess whether any of the conventional oilfield operations, shale oil activity or CCS has caused induced seismicity in southeast Saskatchewan. We find that the region has a very low rate of natural seismicity, and that there is no evidence to suggest that any kind of oilfield activity has caused induced events. However, seismicity has been associated with potash mining activities in the region. It is not clear whether the potash mining-induced events are triggered by subsidence above the mined zones, or by re-injection of waste brines. It is of interest to compare the situation in southeast Saskatchewan with other areas that have seen substantial increases in the amount of injection-induced seismic activity. It is notable that in many areas that have seen injection-induced seismicity, fluid injection is into basal aquifers that are hydraulically connected to the crystalline Precambrian basement. In contrast, most oilfield activities in southeast Saskatchewan are in Carboniferous formations, while the only units to have experienced a net volume increase are of Cretaceous age. It is tentatively suggested that the lack of induced seismic activity is due to the fact that injection is hydraulically isolated from the basement rocks, although it is also possible that stress conditions in the region are less conducive to induced seismicity.
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