Subtle Expressivity by Relational Agents
Subtle Expressivity by Relational Agents
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关系代理的微妙表达
DOI：
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发表时间：
2003
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Rosalind W. Picard
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
T. Bickmore;Rosalind W. Picard
关系代理是一种计算制品，旨在与用户建立长期的社交情感关系。在本文中，我们认为微妙的表达能力在与关系代理的人机交互中尤其重要，在人机交互中执行关系建立或谈判等社交任务。我们在一个关系代理的背景下讨论这些问题，该关系代理旨在在为期一个月的练习采用计划中与用户反复交互。 1. 关系代理 在过去的三年里，我们开始研究关系代理的开发和使用；旨在与用户建立和维持长期的社交情感关系的计算制品（Bickmore，2003）。这些可以是纯粹的软件人形动画代理，但它们也可以是非人形的或以各种物理形式体现，从机器人到宠物，到珠宝、服装、手持设备和其他交互设备。关系概念的核心是它是一个持久的构造，跨越多种交互，因此关系代理被明确设计为记住过去的历史并在与用户的交互中管理未来的期望。最后，关系从根本上来说是社会性和情感性的，如果这些主体要有效地利用人类社会认知机制，以便以最自然的方式建立关系，就必须将人类社会心理学的详细知识（特别强调情感的作用）纳入其中。人际关系主要是在面对面交谈的背景下建立的。除了这种互动方式的首要地位之外，面对面的对话还提供了许多微妙的表达渠道，这在关系对话中尤其重要。因此，我们专注于开发具有拟人形式的关系代理，实现为具体的对话代理（Cassell，Sullivan，Prevost，＆Churchill，2000）或社交机器人（Breazeal，2002）。这些智能体使用的社交和微妙表达的交流线索是从人与人面对面对话的研究中收集到的。 2. 人际关系互动中的微妙表达 一些研究已经证明了大多数商务人士已经知道的事情：当互动的社交方面特别重要时——例如当你结识新客户或谈判一项重要交易时——没有什么比面对面的互动更好了。在对视频和音频介导的交流进行比较的研究综述中，Whittaker 和 O'Conaill 得出结论，仅在社交任务中视频优于音频，而在社交方面不太重要的任务中，主观评分或任务结果几乎没有差异（Whittaker & O'Conaill，1997）。他们发现，对于社交任务，互动是……
Relational agents are computational artifacts designed to build long-term, social-emotional relationships with their users. In this paper we argue that subtle expressivity is especially crucial in human-computer interactions with relational agents in which social tasks such as relationship building or negotiation are being performed. We discuss these issues in the context of a relational agent designed to interact repeatedly with users during a one-month exercise adoption program. 1. RELATIONAL AGENTS Over the last three years we have begun investigating the development and use of Relational Agents; computational artifacts designed to build and maintain long-term, social-emotional relationships with their users (Bickmore, 2003). These can be purely software humanoid animated agents, but they can also be non-humanoid or embodied in various physical forms, from robots, to pets, to jewelry, clothing, hand-held, and other interactive devices. Central to the notion of relationship is that it is a persistent construct, spanning multiple interactions, thus Relational Agents are explicitly designed to remember past history and manage future expectations in their interactions with users. Finally, relationships are fundamentally social and emotional, and detailed knowledge of human social psychology-with a particular emphasis on the role of affect-must be incorporated into these agents if they are to effectively leverage the mechanisms of human social cognition in order to build relationships in the most natural manner possible. Human relationships are primarily established in the context of face-to-face conversation. In addition to primacy of this interactional modality, face-to-face conversation affords many channels of subtle expressivity that are especially crucial in relational conversation. Thus, we have focused on developing relational agents that have anthropomorphic forms, implemented as embodied conversational agents (Cassell, Sullivan, Prevost, & Churchill, 2000)or sociable robots (Breazeal, 2002). The social and subtly expressive communicative cues used by these agents are gleaned from studies of human-human face-to-face conversation. 2. SUBTLE EXPRESSIVITY IN HUMAN RELATIONAL INTERACTIONS Several studies have demonstrated what most business people already know: when the social aspects of an interaction are especially important-such as when you are getting to know a new client or negotiating an important deal-nothing beats face-to-face interaction. In a review of studies comparing video and audio-mediated communication, Whittaker and O'Conaill concluded that video was superior to audio only for social tasks while there was little difference in subjective ratings or task outcomes in tasks in which the social aspects were less important (Whittaker & O'Conaill, 1997). They found that for social tasks, interactions were …