Analytical perspectives on varieties of clientelism
Analytical perspectives on varieties of clientelism
复制标题
对各种庇护主义的分析观点
DOI：
10.1080/13510347.2019.1641798
复制
发表时间：
2020
期刊：
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Herbert P. Kitschelt
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kerem Yıldırım;Herbert P. Kitschelt
摘要本文解释了当代选举民主国家中各种各样的客户投票交换。它区分了两种公认的交换模式，根据它们克服机会主义问题的能力-关系型客户主义和现货市场“购买选票”的客户主义-并将它们与沿着区分客户主义品种的属性联系起来。它制定了一个衡量客户形象差异的指标，以表征当事方对客户战略的选择，并提出了关于当事方采取不同战略的条件的假设。根据对88个国家/506个政党的客户主义做法的专家调查，中等收入国家的关系型政治更加兴旺，同时方案竞争也更加激烈。但是，根据政党的能力，也存在国家内部的差异：具有更正式的组织范围，对外部当地知名人士的依赖程度略低，以及政府在职的政党部署了更多的关系型客户主义，净政党的选举规模或民族文化基础。即使考虑到所有这些差异，撒哈拉以南非洲的政党也比全球任何其他地区的政党更依赖现货市场的客户主义。无法衡量的变量-如国家能力和政党制度化，以及传统的部落社会协调模式的持续存在，这种模式赋予政治秩序和稳定性，这可能是该地区庇护主义较短暂的原因。
ABSTRACT This article explains the varieties of clientelistic vote exchange in contemporary electoral democracies. It distinguishes two commonly recognized modes of exchange according to their capacity to overcome the problem of opportunism – relational clientelism and spot-market “vote buying” clientelism – and relates them to attributes along which clientelistic varieties have been distinguished. It develops a metric of clientelistic profile differences that characterize parties’ choices of clientelistic strategies and advances hypotheses about the conditions under which parties pursue different strategies. Drawing on an 88 country/506 party expert survey of clientelistic practices, more relational politics thrives in middle-income countries with simultaneously more programmatic competition. But there is also intra-country variance according to party capabilities: Parties with more formal organizational reach, slight less reliance on external local notables, and government incumbency deploy more relational clientelism, net of parties’ electoral size or ethnocultural base. Even once all of these differences are accounted for, parties in Sub-Saharan Africa rely more on spot-market clientelism than those of any other global region. Unmeasured variables – such as state capacity and party institutionalization, as well as the persistence of traditional tribe-based modes of social coordination that endow polities with order and stability may account for the more ephemeral character of clientelism in this region.