Social immunity of the family: parental contributions to a public good modulated by brood size.
Social immunity of the family: parental contributions to a public good modulated by brood size.
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DOI：
10.1007/s10682-015-9806-3
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
Kilner RM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Duarte A;Cotter SC;Reavey CE;Ward RJ;De Gasperin O;Kilner RM
社会免疫指的是任何有益于他人的免疫防御，除了发起反应的个人。由于众所周知，对社会豁免权的贡献是个人代价高昂的，它们是对公共利益的贡献。然而，每个人对这一公共利益的贡献各不相同，原因尚不清楚。在这里，我们通过埋葬甲虫家族的实验来调查他们是否对其他人的贡献做出了回应。在该物种中，雌性、雄性和幼虫各自通过在腐肉繁殖资源上应用抗微生物分泌物来促进社会免疫。我们通过实验证明，当母亲抚养一大窝孩子时，她们对社会免疫的贡献会减少，并测试两个相反的假设来解释为什么。要么母亲们把社会免疫力视为一种公共产品，当她们的孩子集体贡献更多时，对社会免疫力的投资就更少，要么母亲们正在用对社会免疫力的投资与对父母照顾的投资进行权衡。总体而言，我们的实验没有证据支持在社会免疫和其他父母照顾特征之间存在权衡：我们没有发现在分配给每项活动的时间方面存在权衡的证据，社会免疫力和产卵规模之间的关系也没有随着雌性条件的变化而变化。相反，与公共物品博弈模型的预测一致，我们发现，更高素质的母亲对社会免疫力的贡献更大。因此，我们的结果表明，母亲们正在与她们的后代进行一场公共产品博弈，以确定她们个人对保护腐肉繁殖资源的贡献。本文的在线版本(doi：10.1007/s10682-0159806-3)包含补充材料，授权用户可以使用。
Social immunity refers to any immune defence that benefits others, besides the individual that mounts the response. Since contributions to social immunity are known to be personally costly, they are contributions to a public good. However, individuals vary in their contributions to this public good and it is unclear why. Here we investigate whether they are responding to contributions made by others with experiments on burying beetle (Nicrophorus vespilloides) families. In this species, females, males and larvae each contribute to social immunity through the application of antimicrobial exudates upon the carrion breeding resource. We show experimentally that mothers reduce their contributions to social immunity when raising large broods, and test two contrasting hypotheses to explain why. Either mothers are treating social immunity as a public good, investing less in social immunity when their offspring collectively contribute more, or mothers are trading off investment in social immunity with investment in parental care. Overall, our experiments yield no evidence to support the existence of a trade-off between social immunity and other parental care traits: we found no evidence of a trade-off in terms of time allocated to each activity, nor did the relationship between social immunity and brood size change with female condition. Instead, and consistent with predictions from models of public goods games, we found that higher quality mothers contributed more to social immunity. Therefore our results suggest that mothers are playing a public goods game with their offspring to determine their personal contribution to the defence of the carrion breeding resource. The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10682-015-9806-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.