The seven bridges of Königsberg.
The seven bridges of Königsberg.
复制标题
柯尼斯堡的七座桥。
DOI：
10.1097/aln.0b013e318210f580
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
8.8
通讯作者：
Sleigh,Jamie
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Pryor,KaneO;Sleigh,Jamie
大脑的工作是处理信息以产生心理表征，而心理表征是认知的基石。不言而喻，神经元网络在某种程度上肯定对这一过程至关重要。然而，这些网络的相互作用究竟如何产生异常复杂和动态的认知功能，并不是不言而喻的。在这方面，认知科学--以及了解麻醉剂如何损害认知的科学--一直受到其先前成功的遗产的限制。在过去的15年里，功能磁共振成像的爆炸性使用使得在确定与特定认知功能相关的大脑位置方面取得了巨大的进步。如果我们相信我们可以完全理解人类认知…的基础，那是情有可原的。如果我们知道所有东西的确切位置就好了。平衡这种偏见的方法是结合以网络为中心的方法来理解认知功能。近几十年来，网络拓扑学为分析和理解复杂的网络行为发展了复杂的方法学。Lee和他的同事在本期《麻醉学》杂志上发表的论文描述了异丙酚诱导的意识丧失可能如何改变大脑连接的各种网络参数。麻醉医生因此需要熟悉网络的语言。图论(现代网络理论的前身)是由伟大的数学家莱昂哈德·欧拉发明的。1735年，他能够证明，由于普雷格尔河中岛屿的布局，不可能只穿过哥尼斯堡(今加里宁格勒)的七座桥中的每一座。(见图1)将这一点转化为神经网络，神经元(或神经元组)被视为顶点或节点(相当于哥尼斯堡的岛屿)，它们之间的交互连接被建模为边或路径(相当于哥尼斯堡的桥梁)。对这些简单元素之间的拓扑关系的分析在数学和计算的复杂性上继续增加。这些技术特别强大，因为它们服从于经验数据的拟合。最近发表了一篇关于网络拓扑学在神经科学中的应用的最新和可读性摘要2。
The business of the brain is the processing of information to produce mental representations, which are the building blocks of cognition. It is self-evident that networks of neurons must be somehow crucial to this process. However, it is not self-evident exactly how extraordinarily complex and dynamic cognitive functions actually emerge from the interactions of these networks. In this regard, the science of cognition—and the science of understanding how anesthetics impair cognition—has been constrained by the legacy of its prior success. The explosion in the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging over the last fifteen years has enabled enormous progress in determining the brain locations associated with specific cognitive functions. One could be forgiven for believing that we could fully understand the underpinnings of human cognition… if only we knew exactly where everything was. Counterbalancing this bias is the incorporation of network-centered approaches to understanding cognitive function. Over recent decades the science of network topology has developed sophisticated methodology for the analysis and understanding of complicated network behaviour. The paper by Lee and co-workers in this issue of ANESTHESIOLOGY describes how various network parameters of brain connectivity might be altered by propofol-induced loss of consciousness1. Anesthesiologists thus need to become familiar with the language of networks.Graph theory (the precursor of modern network theory) was invented by the great mathematician Leonhard Euler. In 1735 he was able to prove that it was not possible to walk through the city of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) crossing each of its seven bridges only once–due to the layout of islands in the Pregel river.(see figure 1) Translating this to neural networks, neurons (or groups of neurons) are viewed as vertices or nodes (equivalent to the islands in Königsberg), and the interactive connections between them is modelled as an edge or path (equivalent to the bridges in Königsberg). The analysis of the topological relationships between these simple elements continues to increase in mathematical and computational sophistication. These techniques are especially powerful because they are amenable to the fitting of empirically-derived data. A recent and readable summary of the application of network topology to neuroscience has been published recently2.