Multiple lines of evidence reveal complex rainbow trout responses to stream habitat enhancements
Multiple lines of evidence reveal complex rainbow trout responses to stream habitat enhancements
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多项证据揭示了虹鳟鱼对溪流栖息地改善的复杂反应
DOI：
10.1111/fwb.13592
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发表时间：
2020
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Baxter, Colden V.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Collins, Scott F.;Baxter, Colden V.
生境改善旨在减轻环境退化的有害影响，并采取多种形式，但通常需要结构性（如原木、珊瑚礁）或生物性（如增加腐肉、植被种植、鱼类放养）的改善，目的是增加鱼类年产量（即随着时间的推移增加新的鱼类生物量）。无论是努力增加鱼类产量或只是吸引鱼类一直受到争议。太平洋西北部的溪流通常是栖息地改善的目标，以减轻水坝和其他形式的栖息地退化对太平洋鲑鱼的不利影响。养分缓解（即人工给淡水施肥的做法）是一种生物栖息地改善形式，试图模仿太平洋鲑鱼自然产卵事件的富集效应。该方法假设营养素增加缓解了初级生产者的营养限制和/或初级和次级消费者的食物限制，最终增加鱼类产量。我们进行了多年的操纵实验，并跟踪了内部虹鳟鱼的反应。（虹鳟鱼）每年增加太平洋鲑鱼的尸体，作为提高鲑鱼种群在鲑鱼流的溪流中生产力的努力的一部分，迷路了我们采用了一种综合的方法来划分驱动鳟鱼种群在时间尺度上的数量响应的机制，以评估种群更替，并跟踪个体对种群水平指标的栖息地改善的响应。鳟鱼的短期数量增加是由移民塑造的，随后通过在处理范围内保留个体。随着鳟鱼进入处理过的溪流，个体觅食，生长，随后转移到其他地方，使得鱼类数量的短期增加不会每年持续下去。总而言之，鲑鱼尸体的增加缓解了明显的食物限制，从而增加了虹鳟鱼的二次生产。然而，在一年的时间尺度上，产量增加表现为更大的个体鱼，而不是更多的鱼在处理河段。鱼的运动和高人口周转率内处理流reaches显然导致随后的分散增加鱼production.We发现多条线的证据表明，每年增加鲑鱼尸体聚集虹鳟鱼，提高其年产量。通过这个重复的管理实验，我们记录了动态的个人和人口水平的反应，以一种形式的流栖息地操纵在每周和每年的时间尺度。
Habitat enhancements seek to ameliorate the detrimental effects of environmental degradation and take many forms, but usually entail structural (e.g. logs, cribs, reefs) or biogenic (e.g. carrion additions, vegetation plantings, fish stocking) augmentations with the intent of increasing fish annual production (i.e. accrual of new fish biomass through time). Whether efforts increase fish production or simply attract fish has long been subject to debate.Streams of the Pacific Northwest are commonly targeted for habitat enhancements to mitigate for the detrimental effects of dams and other forms of habitat degradation on Pacific salmon. Nutrient mitigation (i.e. the practice of artificially fertilising freshwaters) is a form of biogenic habitat enhancement that attempts to mimic the enrichment effects of a natural Pacific salmon spawning event. This approach assumes nutrient augmentations alleviate nutrient limitation of primary producers and/or food limitation of primary and secondary consumers, culminating in increased fish production.We conducted a multi‐year manipulative experiment and tracked responses of interior rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to annual additions of Pacific salmon carcasses as part of an effort to enhance the productivity of salmonid populations in streams where salmon runs have been lost. We employed an integrated approach to partition the mechanisms driving numerical responses of trout populations across timescales, to assess population turnover, and to track responses to habitat enhancements across individual to population level metrics.Short‐term numerical increases by trout were shaped by immigration and subsequently via retention of individuals within treatment reaches. As trout moved into treated stream reaches, individuals foraged, grew, and subsequently moved to other locations such that short‐term increases in fish numbers did not persist from year to year. All told, additions of salmon carcasses alleviated apparent food limitation and thereby increased secondary production of rainbow trout. However, at an annual time scale, increased production manifested as larger individual fish, not more fish within treated reaches. Fish movements and high population turnover within treated stream reaches apparently led to the subsequent dispersal of increased fish production.We found multiple lines of evidence that indicated that annual additions of salmon carcasses aggregated rainbow trout and enhanced their annual production. Through this replicated management experiment, we documented dynamic individual and population level responses to a form of stream habitat manipulation across weekly and annual timescales.
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