Fish stocking for recreational angling is culpable for the poor condition of many English lakes designated for conservation purposes
Fish stocking for recreational angling is culpable for the poor condition of many English lakes designated for conservation purposes
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DOI：
10.1080/20442041.2020.1867467
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发表时间：
2021-03
期刊：
影响因子：
3.1
通讯作者：
Eleanor R. Skeate;M. Perrow;M. Tomlinson;G. Madgwick;A. Harwood;D. Ottewell;R. Berridge;I. Winfield
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Eleanor R. Skeate;M. Perrow;M. Tomlinson;G. Madgwick;A. Harwood;D. Ottewell;R. Berridge;I. Winfield
摘要：当代调查和对先前数据的分析发现，在 23 个英国湖泊（0.2-26 公顷，平均深度 1-11.9 m）中，87% 的湖泊（作为具有特殊科学价值 (SSSI) 的自然保护区）放养鱼类对休闲钓鱼产生了负面影响。除一处外，所有地点均处于不利状态，其中 92% 未能达到特征性大型植物物种的目标。没有一个湖泊被判定为拥有天然鱼类群落，96%的湖泊进行了鱼类放养。归化的外来鲤鱼（Cyprinus carpio）是引进最广泛的（87%）。更多外来物种的存在表明存在非法活动。调查和垂钓者记录的综合估计表明，鲤鱼占鱼类总生物量密度的 53%，个别湖泊的生物量高达 1164 kg ha−1。由于气候变暖，有 44% 的湖泊发生了鲤鱼的成功招募。从文献中考虑鱼类对湖泊生态的影响得出的结论是，需要通过生物操纵来管理鱼类资源。通过从一个研究湖泊的大范围（占面积的 29%）中清除鱼类以及由此产生的水体透明度和水生植物生长的有利反应，证明了生物操纵的功效。在更广泛的 SSSI 湖泊系列中，我们得出的结论是，在任何湖泊中保留鲤鱼对于恢复有利条件来说都是不可接受的风险，破坏性的钓鱼行为也是如此。建议禁止在 SSSI 湖泊中放养鱼类，除非引入鱼类来恢复自然群落。
ABSTRACT Contemporary surveys and analysis of previous data identified negative effects of fish stocking for recreational angling in 87% of 23 English lakes (0.2–26 ha and 1–11.9 m mean depth) protected for nature conservation as Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). All sites except one were in unfavourable condition, with 92% failing to meet targets for characteristic macrophyte species. No lake was judged to have a natural fish community, and 96% had been subjected to fish stocking. The naturalised alien common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was the most widely introduced (87%). The presence of further alien species indicated illegal activity. A combination of estimates from surveys and angler records suggested carp comprised 53% of overall fish biomass density, with values up to 1164 kg ha−1 in individual lakes. Successful recruitment of carp, attributed to a warming climate, was recorded in 44% of the lakes in which it occurred. Consideration of fish impacts on lake ecology from the literature concluded that management of fish stocks, through biomanipulation, was required. The efficacy of biomanipulation was demonstrated by removal of fish from a large exclosure (29% of area) in one study lake and a resultant favourable response of water transparency and macrophyte growth. In the wider SSSI lakes series, we concluded that the retention of carp in any lake was an unacceptable risk to restoration of favourable condition, as were damaging angling practices. A ban on fish stocking in SSSI lakes is recommended, unless fish are introduced to restore natural communities.