The MDG Hunger Target and the Competing Frameworks of Food Security
The MDG Hunger Target and the Competing Frameworks of Food Security
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DOI：
10.1080/19452829.2014.896323
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发表时间：
2014-05-01
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
Orr, Amy
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fukuda-Parr, Sakiko;Orr, Amy
本文探讨了全球目标对发展政策和思想的影响。本文件分析了千年发展目标关于饥饿的具体目标对国际发展优先事项和讨论的影响。我们认为，虽然这一目标在动员支持将饥饿作为全球优先事项方面收效甚微，但它对重塑粮食安全战略具有更重要的意义。它围绕营养不良目标重新阐述了饥饿问题，这些目标可以通过重点明确和有针对性的干预措施来实现。自2000年以来，备受瞩目和资源充足的全球倡议所采取的战略都强调短期内取得成果、技术解决办法和私营部门的重要作用。这与1996年世界粮食首脑会议的共识形成鲜明对比，该共识将粮食视为一项人权，将粮食安全视为一项强调社会、经济和政治变革的多层面挑战。虽然注重成果的全球目标在实现这些目标的战略手段方面是中立的，但饥饿目标将饥饿挑战重新定义为一个消费问题，可以采取短期、技术驱动的解决办法。在这一框架之外，还有长期的解决方案，即获取、对工资交换的依赖、小农生产和社会转移。指标的选择也促成了这种简化，忽视了脆弱性和获得不稳定、营养质量以及各种社会和政治限制因素等问题。这一具体目标说明了制定具体目标在制定国际发展政策方面的力量。
This paper explores the effects of global goals on policies and ideas in development. The paper analyzes the consequences of the Millennium Development Goal hunger target on international development priorities and discourse. We argue that while the target did little to mobilize support to hunger as a global priority, it had more important implications for reshaping food security strategies. It reframed the narrative of hunger around under-nutrition targets that could be reached through narrowly focused and targeted interventions. Since 2000, strategies adopted by high-profile and well-resourced global initiatives emphasize short-term achievements of results, technological solutions, and the important role of the private sector. This contrasts with the 1996 World Food Summit consensus that conceptualized food as a human right, and food security as a multi-dimensional challenge emphasizing social, economic and political change. Although global goals focused on outcomes are intended to be neutral with respect to the strategic means to achieve them, the hunger target reframed the hunger challenge as a consumption issue amenable to short-term, technology-driven solutions. Left out of this frame are the long-term solutions to access, dependence on wage exchange, smallholder production, and social transfers. The choice of indicators also contributed to this simplification, marginalizing issues of vulnerability and instability in access, nutritional quality, and the host of social and political constraints. The target illustrates the power of target setting in framing the international development policy discourse.