Proper conduct (Adab) is everything: the Futuwwat-na¯mah-i Sulṭ a¯nı¯ of Husayn Vaciz-i Kashifi
Proper conduct (Adab) is everything: the Futuwwat-na¯mah-i Sulṭ a¯nı¯ of Husayn Vaciz-i Kashifi
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正确的行为 (Adab) 就是一切：侯赛因·瓦西兹·卡西菲 (Husayn Vaciz-i Kashifi) 的 Futuwwat-na´mah-i Sulṭ a´nı´
DOI：
10.1080/021086032000139221
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发表时间：
2003
期刊：
影响因子：
0.3
通讯作者：
Arley Loewen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Arley Loewen
伊朗社会传统上对勇敢的英雄或冠军深表钦佩，通常被称为JAWnmard(文学，年轻人；Jownmardı-男子气概)。这样的人具备男子气概的所有积极美德--勇气、诚实、好客和慷慨。英雄战士是JAWnmard的一个典范，正如波斯史诗文学和古典流行浪漫故事中所反映的那样。在波斯文化中，史诗Shah-nmah中的传奇前伊斯兰英雄Rustam体现了英雄战士的特征。下巴nmard的一个相关术语是阿拉伯胖子(文学，年轻人；男子气概-未来；波斯未来)，它指定了前伊斯兰阿拉伯的理想英雄。在波斯-伊斯兰文化中，古代波斯和阿拉伯-伊斯兰理想的综合体，受苏菲主义日益占主导地位的影响，对上帝的虔诚伦理形成了第二种英雄主义模式。在这方面，fiali b.abi talb(d.40/661年)，先知穆罕默德的表亲和女婿，第四哈里发和第一什叶派伊玛目，成为男子气概的最高典范，一个充满精神冠军美德的胖子。像古代波斯的拉斯塔姆一样，他被认为是一个模范的战士；然而，敌人现在变成了肉体的灵魂(NAF)，这是由先知的一个被广泛引用的传统所支持的，“我们已经从较小的Jihd(圣战)转向更大的Jihd(内部斗争)。”关于未来WWAT的文献很多。苏菲派传教士菲亚尔·奥马尔·苏赫拉瓦尔迪(草632/1234)，被认为是关于这个主题的第一篇波斯论文。尽管
IRANIAN SOCIETY HAS TRADITIONALLY HAD A DEEP ADMIRATION FOR THE COURAGEOUS hero or champion, often called jawnmard (lit., young man; jawnmardı—manliness). Such a person possessed the aggregate of all positive virtues of manhood—courage, honesty, hospitality and generosity. One model of the jawnmard is the heroic warrior, as reflected in Persian epic literature and classical popular romance. In Persian culture, Rustam, the legendary pre-Islamic hero of the epic Shah-nmah embodied the characteristics of the heroic warrior. A related term for jawnmard is the Arabic fat (lit., young man; manliness—futuwwa; Persian futuwwat), which designated the ideal hero of pre-Islamic Arabia. In Perso-Islamic culture, a synthesis of ancient Persian and Arabo-Islamic ideals, the ethic of piety towards God, which was influenced by the increasing dominance of Sufism, shaped a second model of heroism. In this context, fiAli b. Abi Talib (d. 40/661), the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad, and the fourth caliph and first Shifiite imam, became the supreme model of manliness, a fat imbued with the virtues of spiritual championship. Like the ancient Persian Rustam, he was understood to be an exemplary warrior; however, the enemy now became the carnal soul (nafs) as supported by a much-quoted tradition of the Prophet, “We have turned from the lesser jihd (Holy War) to the greater jihd (internal struggle).” The literature on futuwwat is extensive. The Sufi preacher fiUmar Suhrawardi (d. 632/1234), is credited with the first Persian treatises on the subject. Although the