A Hierarchy Theorem for Interactive Proofs of Proximity

A Hierarchy Theorem for Interactive Proofs of Proximity
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交互式邻近证明的层次定理

DOI:
10.4230/lipics.itcs.2017.39
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发表时间:
2017
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通讯作者:
Ron D. Rothblum
Ron D. Rothblum
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作者:
Tom Gur;Ron D. Rothblum

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在交互式 协议是一种基本资源。在这项工作中,我们认为, 在交互式环境中圆形复杂性的意义 Proofs of Proximity(IPPs)。粗略地说,IPP是交互式证明,其中验证者在次线性时间内运行,并且只需要拒绝远离语言的输入。 我们的主要结果是一个圆形层次定理的IPP,显示 IPP的力量随着回合数的增加而增长。更 特别地,我们证明了存在间隙函数, g(r)= Theta(r^2)使得对于每个常数r \geq 1,存在(1)具有验证时间t=t(n,r)的g(r)轮IPP但(2)不具有验证时间t(或甚至验证时间t '=\poly(t))的r轮IPP的语言。 事实上,我们证明了一个更强的结果,通过展示一个单一的语言L,使得对于每个常数r \geq 1,有一个 验证时间为t=n^{O(1/r)}的L的r轮IPP,而L的任何r轮IPP中的验证器必须在至少t^{100}的时间内运行。此外,我们显示了一个IPP与多对数轮数和只有多对数验证时间L,产生一个次指数之间的分离的功率恒定轮IPP与一般(无界轮)IPP。 从我们的层次定理,我们还得出的影响,标准 交互式证明(其中验证者可以在多项式中运行) 时间)。具体来说,我们表明,轮减少技术的 巴拜和莫兰(JCSS,1988)在所有黑盒变换中(几乎)是最优的,我们展示了与Aaronson和Wigderson(TOCT,2009)的代数化框架的联系。
The number of rounds, or round complexity, used in an interactive protocol is a fundamental resource. In this work we consider the significance of round complexity in the context of Interactive Proofs of Proximity (IPPs). Roughly speaking, IPPs are interactive proofs in which the verifier runs in sublinear time and is only required to reject inputs that are far from the language. Our main result is a round hierarchy theorem for IPPs, showing that the power of IPPs grows with the number of rounds. More specifically, we show that there exists a gap function g(r) = Theta(r^2) such that for every constant r \geq 1 there exists a language that (1) has a g(r)-round IPP with verification time t=t(n,r) but (2) does not have an r-round IPP with verification time t (or even verification time t'=\poly(t)). In fact, we prove a stronger result by exhibiting a single language L such that, for every constant r \geq 1, there is an O(r^2)-round IPP for L with t=n^{O(1/r)} verification time, whereas the verifier in any r-round IPP for L must run in time at least t^{100}. Moreover, we show an IPP for L with a poly-logarithmic number of rounds and only poly-logarithmic erification time, yielding a sub-exponential separation between the power of constant-round IPPs versus general (unbounded round) IPPs. From our hierarchy theorem we also derive implications to standard interactive proofs (in which the verifier can run in polynomial time). Specifically, we show that the round reduction technique of Babai and Moran (JCSS, 1988) is (almost) optimal among all blackbox transformations, and we show a connection to the algebrization framework of Aaronson and Wigderson (TOCT, 2009).
利用阳光进行光合作用的研究成果报告(1986)。
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