Drifter and dye tracks reveal dispersal processes that can affect phytoplankton distributions in shallow estuarine environments

Drifter and dye tracks reveal dispersal processes that can affect phytoplankton distributions in shallow estuarine environments
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漂流物和染料轨迹揭示了可能影响浅河口环境中浮游植物分布的扩散过程

DOI:
10.1016/j.ecss.2022.107811
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发表时间:
2022
期刊:
Coastal and Shelf Science
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Huettel, Markus
Huettel, Markus
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Geyer, Natalie L.;Balwada, Dhruv;Simons, Elizabeth;Speer, Kevin;Huettel, Markus

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在浅水河口环境中,控制颗粒分布的水动力过程的时间尺度可能超过浮游植物通过繁殖形成斑块的时间尺度。因此,物理过程可以主导浮游植物的分布,但这些过程及其动力学尚不清楚。在这里,我们使用底部安装的声学多普勒电流分析器(ADCP)的流量测量,船上的水文断面,漂浮物释放和罗丹明染料来表征佛罗里达州阿巴拉契科拉湾浅水河口环境中的小尺度流动环境及其对扩散过程的影响。盐度和叶绿素的空间光谱在250 m-5 km的长度尺度上服从−3的幂律行为。ADCP数据显示存在受潮汐和底部地形强烈调制的垂直剪切流。潮流的特征震级为20 ~ 40 cm s−1,在近地表和底部流之间存在流逆转的持续时间。漂移三联体的剪切速率和应变速率为10−3 ~ 10−4s−1,单粒子扩散速率(扩散率)为0.1 m2s−1。无人机观测到的染料斑块的面积演变对应于与漂浮物估计的涡流扩散率相当的涡流扩散率,或约0.1 m2s−1。染料斑块实验证明了1-100 m尺度上的物理过程如何影响海湾浮游植物斑块的形状和发育。垂直切变是由偏离水流方向的风向所产生的切变,通过在不同方向上运输浮游生物斑块的不同深度,可以扩大和划分浮游生物斑块。当风和海流对齐时,剪切导致斑块的延伸和缩小。结果表明,河口小尺度水流环境对浮游生物的分布和扩散具有关键性的控制作用,从而成为浮游植物群落发育和分解的决定性因素。
In shallow estuarine environments, the time scales of hydrodynamic processes that control particle distribution may outpace the time scales of phytoplankton patch formation through reproduction. Consequently, physical processes can dominate the distribution of the phytoplankton, but these processes and their dynamics are not well understood. Here we used flow measurements with a bottom mounted Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), shipboard hydrographic transects, drifter releases, and Rhodamine dye to characterize the small-scale flow environment and its effect on dispersion processes in a shallow estuarine environment, Apalachicola Bay, Florida. Spatial spectra of salinity and chlorophyll followed a power law behavior of −3 at length scales of 250 m–5 km. The ADCP data revealed the presence of a vertically sheared flow that was strongly modulated by tides and bottom topography. Tidal flows had a characteristic magnitude of 20–40 cm s−1, with durations of flow reversals between the near-surface and bottom flows. Drifter triplets indicated shear and strain rates on the order of 10−3– 10−4s−1, and single particle dispersion rates (diffusivity) of 0.1 m2s−1. The area evolution of the dye patch observed by a drone corresponded to eddy diffusivity comparable to those estimated from drifters, or about 0.1 m2s−1. The dye patch experiments demonstrate how physical processes at scales of 1–100 m can affect the shape and development of phytoplankton patches in the bay. Vertical shear, produced by wind directions deviating from flow direction, can broaden and divide a plankton patch by transporting different depths of a patch in different directions. When winds and currents are aligned, shear leads to elongation and narrowing of the patch. The results indicate that the small-scale flow environment in estuaries can be pivotal in controlling the distribution and dispersal of planktonic organisms and thereby becomes a decisive factor for the development and breakdown of phytoplankton communities.
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