Gender and age differences in mixed metal exposure and urinary excretion
Gender and age differences in mixed metal exposure and urinary excretion
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envres.2011.09.002
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发表时间：
2011-11-01
影响因子：
8.3
通讯作者：
Vahter, Marie
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Berglund, Marika;Lindberg, Anna-Lena;Vahter, Marie
背景：人们对有毒金属暴露随年龄、性别和其他潜在改变因素的变化知之甚少。我们通过测量孟加拉国马特拉布农村人口三个年龄组的尿液中金属/元素浓度来评估年龄和性别差异：8-12 (N=238)、14-15 (N=107) 和 30-88 (N=710) 岁，这些人生活在没有点金属暴露源但水砷浓度普遍升高的地区。 结果：我们发现不同性别的尿液中金属和微量元素浓度存在显着差异，年龄、烟草使用、社会经济和营养状况。除了所有年龄段的尿砷浓度均明显升高（中位值 63-85 μg As/L）外，尽管工业和交通污染程度较低，镉和铅等有毒金属的尿浓度也明显升高，尤其是儿童（中位值分别为 0.31 μg Cd/L 和 2.9 μg Pb/L）。一般来说，女性尿中有毒金属浓度较高，尤其是镉（中位0.81μg/L），而男性（0.66μg/L）和尿（女性中位10ng/L，男性6.4ng/L），而男性尿中基本和必需元素Ca（男性69mg/L，30-50岁，女性52mg/L）、镁（58男性 182 微克/升，女性 50 毫克/升）、锌（男性 182 微克/升，女性 117 微克/升）和硒（男性 9.91 微克/升，女性 8.71 微克/升）。在所有年龄段中，女性的锰含量始终高于男性，这表明女性和男性在锰代谢方面存在生物学差异。社会经济地位的提高显着减少了儿童，尤其是男性的有毒金属暴露。 17% 的儿童、青少年和女性发现铁质状况不佳，但男性中只有 6% 的铁质状况不佳。此外，女性中锌缺乏症比男性更普遍。结论：女性和儿童似乎比男性更容易接触有毒金属，同时更容易缺乏微量营养素。女性尿液中有毒金属浓度较高可能反映了微量营养素缺乏（例如体内铁储存量低和锌缺乏）时胃肠道对这些金属的吸收增加。男性尿液中必需元素的浓度较高可能反映了更好的营养状况。需要按性别和年龄分层的有关暴露、生活方式和社会经济因素的信息，以便进行考虑到这些差异的平衡风险评估和管理。 (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. 保留所有权利。
Background: Little is known about the variation in exposure to toxic metals by age and gender and other potential modifying factors. We evaluated age and gender differences by measurements of metal/element concentrations in urine in a rural population in Matlab, Bangladesh, in three age groups: 8-12 (N=238), 14-15 (N=107) and 30-88 (N=710) years of age, living in an area with no point sources of metal exposure but where elevated water arsenic concentrations are prevalent.Results: We found marked differences in urine concentrations of metals and trace elements by gender, age, tobacco use, socioeconomic and nutritional status. Besides a clearly elevated urinary arsenic concentration in all age groups (medians 63-85 mu g As/L), and despite the low degree of contamination from industries and traffic, the urine concentrations of toxic metals such as cadmium and lead were clearly elevated, especially in children (median 0.31 mu g Cd/L and 2.9 mu g Pb/L, respectively). In general, women had higher urinary concentrations of toxic metals, especially Cd (median 0.81 mu g/L) compared to men (0.66 mu g/L) and U (median 10 ng/L in women, compared to 6.4 ng/L in men), while men had higher urinary concentrations of the basic and essential elements Ca (69 mg/L in men, 30-50 years, compared to 52 mg/L in women), Mg (58 mg/L in men compared to 50 mg/L in women), Zn (182 mu g/L in men compared to 117 mu g/L in women) and Se (9.91 mu g/L in men compared to 8.71 mu g/L in women). Manganese was consistently higher in females than in males in all age groups, suggesting a biological difference between females and males in Mn metabolism. Increasing socioeconomic status decreased the toxic metal exposure significantly in children and especially in men. Poor iron status was detected in 17% of children, adolescents and women, but only in 6% of men. Also zinc deficiency was more prevalent in females than in males.Conclusions: Women and children seemed to be more at risk for toxic metal exposure than men and at the same time more vulnerable to micronutrient deficiency. Higher concentrations of the toxic metals in urine in women are likely to reflect an increased gastrointestinal absorption of these metals at micronutrient deficiency, such as low body iron stores and Zn deficiency. Higher urinary concentrations of the essential elements in men likely reflect a better nutritional status. There is a need for information on exposure, lifestyle and socioeconomic factors, stratified by gender and age, for the purpose of conducting balanced risk assessment and management that considers such differences. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.