Nutrients, eutrophication and harmful algal blooms along the freshwater to marine continuum
Nutrients, eutrophication and harmful algal blooms along the freshwater to marine continuum
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DOI：
10.1002/wat2.1373
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发表时间：
2019-09-01
影响因子：
8.2
通讯作者：
Dodds, Walter K.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Wurtsbaugh, Wayne A.;Paerl, Hans W.;Dodds, Walter K.
农业，城市和工业活动显着增加了水生氮和磷污染（富营养化），威胁着从赫德沃特溪流到全球沿海地区的水质和生物完整性。富营养化会引起多个问题，包括减少鱼类和贝类产生的低氧“死区”；有害的藻类开花，会产生味道和气味问题，并威胁饮用水和水生食物供应的安全；刺激温室气释放；这些水域文化和社会价值的退化。保守估计，富营养化的年度成本表明，欧洲沿海水域损失了10亿美元，在美国，湖泊和溪流损失了24亿美元。科学家已经辩论了磷，氮还是需要减少以控制沿淡水到海洋连续体的富营养化，但是全世界的许多管理机构都越来越选择双重控制。水和营养物质通过溪流，河流，湖泊，河口和最终沿海海洋的单向流动增加了额外的复杂性，因为这些生态系统中的每一个都可能受到不同因素的限制。因此，仅在上游减少一种营养素来控制富营养化，可以使下游的其他营养物质出口，它们可能会刺激藻类产生。该技术存在用于控制富营养化的技术，但是在理解和管理这一全球环境问题方面仍然存在许多挑战。本文分类为：水科学>水质水和生命>对生态系统的压力和压力
Agricultural, urban and industrial activities have dramatically increased aquatic nitrogen and phosphorus pollution (eutrophication), threatening water quality and biotic integrity from headwater streams to coastal areas world-wide. Eutrophication creates multiple problems, including hypoxic "dead zones" that reduce fish and shellfish production; harmful algal blooms that create taste and odor problems and threaten the safety of drinking water and aquatic food supplies; stimulation of greenhouse gas releases; and degradation of cultural and social values of these waters. Conservative estimates of annual costs of eutrophication have indicated $1 billion losses for European coastal waters and $2.4 billion for lakes and streams in the United States. Scientists have debated whether phosphorus, nitrogen, or both need to be reduced to control eutrophication along the freshwater to marine continuum, but many management agencies worldwide are increasingly opting for dual control. The unidirectional flow of water and nutrients through streams, rivers, lakes, estuaries and ultimately coastal oceans adds additional complexity, as each of these ecosystems may be limited by different factors. Consequently, the reduction of just one nutrient upstream to control eutrophication can allow the export of other nutrients downstream where they may stimulate algal production. The technology exists for controlling eutrophication, but many challenges remain for understanding and managing this global environmental problem. This article is categorized under: Science of Water > Water Quality Water and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems