Ant hosts of Microdon (Diptera: Syrphidae) in the Pacific northwest.
Ant hosts of Microdon (Diptera: Syrphidae) in the Pacific northwest.
复制标题
太平洋西北部的小齿鲨（双翅目：食蚜蝇科）的蚂蚁宿主。
DOI：
--
复制
发表时间：
1990
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
R. Zack
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
R. Akre;W. B. Garnett;R. Zack
小蝇属嗜蝇蝇科（双翅目）。尽管文献中报道了许多蚂蚁/ Microdon宿主的关联，但由于蚂蚁倾向于从一个筑巢点移动到另一个筑巢点，而留下相对不动的Microdon，因此这些记录很可能是错误的。我们对西北太平洋四种Microdon的研究表明，蚂蚁/苍蝇的关系是相当特定的。蚂蚁宿主提出了M. albicomatus， M. cothurnatus， M. piperi和M. xanthopilis。Microdon是一种不寻常的麻蝇，是群居昆虫巢穴中的近亲。北美洲的所有物种都与蚂蚁有关，尽管少数热带物种与群居黄蜂生活在一起（Kistner, 1982）。成虫只在春季或初夏短暂出现，从靠近蚁巢表面的蛹中出现。苍蝇的寿命只够交配和产卵到巢内或巢上。这些蛋大约在10天内孵化，初生的第一颗星会爬进巢穴的深处。到了秋天，存活下来的幼虫已经发育到第三龄，这些幼虫在春天到达巢穴表面化蛹，当循环重复时。所研究物种的幼虫是蚁群的捕食者（Laboulbene, 1882; Duffield, 1981; hockking, 1970; Van Pelt and Van Pelt, 1972）。研究进一步表明，至少有三种Microdon在未成熟时表现出攻击性模仿，当它们以蚂蚁幼虫为食时，它们受到工蚁的保护（Garnett et al., 1985）。这表明这些捕食者和它们的蚂蚁宿主之间的关系非常复杂，我们的数据表明它们只有几个密切相关的宿主。自1964年以来，我们一直在太平洋西北地区调查这些苍蝇与其宿主蚂蚁之间的关系（Akre等人，1973年，1988年；Garnett等人，1985年）。本文的目的是介绍我们在过去25年中研究的四种太平洋西北Microdon的宿主信息，并讨论目前文献中Microdon/zxi\关联可能存在的错误（Duf field, 1981）。蚂蚁倾向于周期性地改变筑巢地点(见H？而相对不动的不成熟的微软则落在了后面。其他蚂蚁随后进入这些原木或其他主要的巢结构，然后收集这些“获得的”Microdon作为宿主，并记录不存在的关联。材料和方法从1964年到1972年，我们对120多个蚁巢点进行了Microdon （Akre et al., 1973）的搜索，并从1972年到1华盛顿州立大学昆虫学家进行了119次额外的收集；美国俄亥俄州辛辛那提大学副教授；和华盛顿州立大学詹姆斯昆虫学收藏主任。接受于1989年6月8日出版。该内容从157.55.39.117下载于2016年7月15日星期五06:30:04 UTC。所有的使用都受http://about.jstor.org/terms的约束。西北西北地区常见的四种小蚁的蚂蚁宿主。第一个数字表示在该蚂蚁物种中发现的Microdon（任何想象前阶段）的总集合；第二个，在括号里，是收集到的所有活的幼虫、蛹和成虫阶段的总数。只有一个条目的集合只有空的蛹，可能不代表真正的宿主。
Microdon are myrmecophilous Syrphidae (Diptera). Although numerous ant/ Microdon host associations are reported in the literature, it is probable that many of these records are in error due to the tendency of the ants to move from one nesting site to another while leaving behind the relatively immobile Microdon. Our studies, of four species of Pacific Northwest Microdon, indicate that ant/fly relationships are fairly specific. Ant hosts are presented for M. albicomatus, M. cothurnatus, M. piperi, and M. xanthopilis. Microdon are unusual syrphid flies that are inquilines in the nests of social insects. All species in North America are associated with ants, although a few tropical species live with social wasps (Kistner, 1982). The adult flies occur only briefly in the spring or early summer, emerging from puparia positioned near the surface of the ant nest. The flies live only long enough to mate and lay eggs back into or on the nest. The eggs hatch in about 10 days and the emerging first instars crawl deeper into the nest. By fall the surviving larvae have developed to the third instar, and these travel to the surface of the nest in the spring to pupate, when the cycle repeats. Larvae of studied species are predators on the brood of ants (Laboulbene, 1882; Duffield, 1981 ; Hocking, 1970; Van Pelt and Van Pelt, 1972). It was further shown that at least three species of Microdon exhibit aggressive mimicry as immatures, and they are protected by the ant workers as they feed on ant larvae (Garnett et al., 1985). This suggests that the relationship between these predators and their ant hosts is very complex, and our data indicates that they have only a few, closely related hosts. We have been investigating the relationships between these flies and their host ants in the Pacific Northwest since 1964 (Akre et al., 1973, 1988; Garnett et al., 1985). It is the purpose of this paper to present host information for four species of Pacific Northwest Microdon that we have studied over the last 25 years, and to discuss possible errors in Microdon/zxi\ associations now in the literature (Duf field, 1981). Ants tend to change nest sites periodically (see H?lldobler and Wilson, in press), while the relatively immobile immatures of Microdon stay behind. Other ants subsequently moving into these logs or other prime nest structures are then collected with these "acquired" Microdon as hosts, and an association is recorded that does not exist. Materials and Methods We searched more than 120 ant nest sites from 1964 to 1972 for Microdon (Akre et al., 1973), and 119 additional collecting trips were made from 1972 to 1 Entomologist, Washington State University; Associate Professor, University of Cincinnati, Ohio; and Director, James Entomological Collection, Washington State University, respectively. Accepted for publication 8 June 1989. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.117 on Fri, 15 Jul 2016 06:30:04 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 176 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Table 1. Ant hosts of four species of Microdon common in the PNW. The first number represents total collections of Microdon (any preimaginal stage) found with that ant species; the second, in parentheses, is a total of all living larval, pupal, and adult stages collected. Collections with a single entry were of empty puparia only and probably do not represent true hosts.