The power of images: the model universe of the First Emperor and its legacy
The power of images: the model universe of the First Emperor and its legacy
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图像的力量：秦始皇的模型宇宙及其遗产
DOI：
10.1111/1468-2281.00144
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发表时间：
2002
影响因子：
0.4
通讯作者：
J. Rawson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
J. Rawson
中国唐朝（公元618-906年）制作的骆驼和仆人彩陶在过去的四分之三个世纪里备受收藏家和博物馆的珍视。它们作为一种雕塑很容易受到赞赏，但很少有人注意到它们在陵墓群中的作用。对秦始皇陵墓（公元前210年）的考察表明，陵墓人物只是一个庞大的结构和图像综合体的一部分。著名的兵马俑是精心制作的皇帝葬礼的一个元素，其中还包括“真实”的人物和动物，微型青铜战车，宫殿模型和天体图像。如果我们要理解这个由许多不同部分组成的综合体的目的，我们需要考虑古代中国人是如何看待所有类别的图像的。由此可见，在古代中国人的眼中，形象等同于形象的主体。通过在青铜、陶器或图画上创造形象，古代中国人为死去的皇帝呈现了一个宇宙。本文描述了这种对图像理解的哲学概念，并说明了与考古发现和文本信息的讨论。近年来的考古发现使我们有必要对中国古墓模型进行重新评估。这些图像的力量被认为是相当大的。中国人从来没有收集过坟墓里的人偶，因为在他们看来，这些人偶实际上是死者的仆人和士兵。
Elaborately glazed Chinese pottery figures of camels and servants, dating to the Tang dynasty (A.D. 618–906), have been much prized by collectors and museums over the last three quarters of a century. They have been readily admired as a category of sculpture, but little attention has been paid to their functions within the tomb complex. An examination of the tomb of the First Emperor (d. 210 B.C.) reveals tomb figures as just one part of a large complex of structures and images. The famous terracotta warriors were an element in the elaborate burial of the Emperor, which also included ‘real’ people and animals, miniature bronze chariots, models of palaces and images of the heavenly bodies. If we are to understand the purposes of this complex of many different parts, we need to consider how the ancient Chinese viewed images of all categories. It would appear that in the eyes of the ancient Chinese, images were equivalent to the subject of the image. By creating images in bronze, pottery or in pictures, the ancient Chinese were presenting a universe for the dead Emperor. This article describes the philosophical concepts that informed this understanding of images and illustrates the discussion with archaeological finds and textual information. The archaeological discoveries of recent years have made a reassessment of Chinese tomb models necessary. The powers of these images were deemed to be considerable. The Chinese have never collected tomb figures because, in their view, such figures were the actual servants and soldiers of the dead.