COASTAL MARINE EUTROPHICATION - A DEFINITION, SOCIAL CAUSES, AND FUTURE CONCERNS
COASTAL MARINE EUTROPHICATION - A DEFINITION, SOCIAL CAUSES, AND FUTURE CONCERNS
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DOI：
10.1080/00785236.1995.10422044
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发表时间：
1995-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
NIXON, SW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
NIXON, SW
海洋研究和管理界需要对富营养化一词作出明确的业务定义。我提出以下定义：富营养化（名词）--生态系统中有机物供应速率的增加。这个定义与历史上的用法一致，强调富营养化是一个过程，而不是一种营养状态。还提出了一个简单的海洋系统营养分类：[图形]各种因素可能会增加有机物的供应到沿海系统，但最常见的显然是营养富集。沿海地区养分富集的主要原因与满足人类营养和饮食的需要和愿望直接或间接相关。由于化石燃料燃烧而排放到大气中的活性氮的沉积也是一个重要的人为因素。世界各国因化肥、牲畜废物和化石燃料燃烧而排放的氮的强度差别很大。它在欧洲、美国东北部、印度/巴基斯坦、日本/韩国和加勒比地区最强。这一地理分布与沿海海洋富营养化最近引起关注的许多地区相吻合。人口和社会趋势表明，过去导致沿海营养物富集的做法在未来几十年可能会在亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的发展中国家重演。
There is a need in the marine research and management communities for a clear operational definition of the term, eutrophication. I propose the following:eutrophication (noun) - an increase in the rate ofsupply of organic matter to an ecosystem.This definition is consistent with historical usage and emphasizes that eutrophication is a process, not a trophic state. A simple trophic classification for marine systems is also proposed:[GRAPHICS]Various factors may increase the supply of organic matter to coastal systems, but the most common is clearly nutrient enrichment. The major causes of nutrient enrichment in coastal areas are associated directly or indirectly with meeting the requirements and desires of human nutrition and diet. The deposition of reactive nitrogen emitted to the atmosphere as a consequence of fossil fuel combustion is also an important anthropogenic factor.The intensity of nitrogen emission from fertilizer, livestock waste, and fossil fuel combustion varies widely among the countries of the world. It is strongest in Europe, the northeastern United States, India/Pakistan, Japan/Korea, and the Caribbean. This geographical distribution corresponds with many areas where coastal marine eutrophication has become a recent concern. Demographic and social trends suggest that past practices leading to coastal nutrient enrichment are likely to be repeated in the coming decades in the developing countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.