Single-trial conditioning in a human taste-endotoxin paradigm induces conditioned odor aversion but not cytokine responses
Single-trial conditioning in a human taste-endotoxin paradigm induces conditioned odor aversion but not cytokine responses
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DOI：
10.1016/j.bbi.2011.09.001
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发表时间：
2012-02-01
影响因子：
15.1
通讯作者：
Schedlowski, Manfred
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Grigoleit, Jan-Sebastian;Kullmann, Jennifer S.;Schedlowski, Manfred
对细菌内毒素的免疫反应可以在啮齿类动物中产生行为条件。然而，目前尚不清楚急性全身性炎症反应是否可以在人类身上进行行为调节。因此，在一项双盲安慰剂对照研究中，20名健康的男性受试者接受了单次注射脂多糖(LPS)或生理盐水以及一种新型口味饮料(条件刺激，CS)。五天后，所有受试者都接受了生理盐水注射，并再次暴露在CS中。分别于注射内毒素或CS后0.5、1.5、3、4、6和24小时抽血。内毒素注射导致血浆中IL-6、IL-10和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α浓度一过性升高，并导致体温显著升高。在唤醒过程中单独呈现CS既不会引起体温的变化，也不会引起血浆细胞因子水平的变化。然而，与对照组相比，试验组的受试者对CS的气味的评价明显更令人厌恶。在人类中使用内毒素作为单一试验的味觉免疫调节范例，显示出行为条件下的气味厌恶，但没有获得性细胞因子水平的变化。(C)2011 Elsevier Inc.保留所有权利。
Immunological responses to bacterial endotoxin can be behaviorally conditioned in rodents. However, it is unclear whether an acute systemic inflammatory response can be behaviorally conditioned in humans. Thus, in a double-blind placebo-controlled study, 20 healthy, male subjects received either a single injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline together with a novel tasting beverage (conditioned stimulus, CS). Five days later, all subjects received a saline injection and were re-exposed to the CS. Blood was drawn prior to as well as 0.5, 1.5, 3, 4, 6, and 24 h after LPS administration or CS re-exposure. Endotoxin administration led to transient increases in plasma concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and to a significant rise in body temperature. Sole presentation of the CS during evocation did induce neither alterations in body temperature nor changes in plasma cytokine levels. However, subjects in the experimental group rated the smell of the CS significantly more aversive compared to the control group. Employing endotoxin as a US in a single trial taste-immune conditioning paradigm in humans shows a behaviorally conditioned smell aversion but no learned alterations in cytokine levels. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.