Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance: Economic performance
Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance: Economic performance
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DOI：
10.1017/cbo9780511808678
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发表时间：
1990-10
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. North
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. North
研究的作用，机构，定义为人为设计的约束，塑造人类的互动，发挥经济绩效和这些机构如何改变，以及如何动态机构的模型解释了不同的经济表现，通过时间。机构与组织是分开的，组织是在机构约束下进行战略运作的人的集合。制度通过影响技术、交易和生产成本来影响经济。他们通过减少人类互动中的不确定性来做到这一点，尽管并不总是有效的。企业家通过改变政治和经济组织的制度框架来感知做得更好的机会，从而实现制度的渐进变化。重要的是，感知这些机会的能力取决于信息的完整性和用于处理信息的心理结构。因此，机构和企业家处于一种共生关系，彼此给予反馈。新古典主义经济学认为，效率低下的机构应该迅速被取代。这种共生关系有助于解释为什么这一理论结果往往没有被观察到：虽然这种关系允许增长，但它也允许低效率的机构持续存在。作者认为，相对价格的变化和流行观念是制度变迁的根源。然而，交易成本可能使相对价格变化得不到充分利用。交易成本受制度的影响，制度发展具有路径依赖性。（中非共和国）
Examines the role that institutions, defined as the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction, play in economic performance and how those institutions change and how a model of dynamic institutions explains the differential performance of economies through time. Institutions are separate from organizations, which are assemblages of people directed to strategically operating within institutional constraints. Institutions affect the economy by influencing, together with technology, transaction and production costs. They do this by reducing uncertainty in human interaction, albeit not always efficiently. Entrepreneurs accomplish incremental changes in institutions by perceiving opportunities to do better through altering the institutional framework of political and economic organizations. Importantly, the ability to perceive these opportunities depends on both the completeness of information and the mental constructs used to process that information. Thus, institutions and entrepreneurs stand in a symbiotic relationship where each gives feedback to the other. Neoclassical economics suggests that inefficient institutions ought to be rapidly replaced. This symbiotic relationship helps explain why this theoretical consequence is often not observed: while this relationship allows growth, it also allows inefficient institutions to persist. The author identifies changes in relative prices and prevailing ideas as the source of institutional alterations. Transaction costs, however, may keep relative price changes from being fully exploited. Transaction costs are influenced by institutions and institutional development is accordingly path-dependent. (CAR)