Human Security and the Construction of Security
Human Security and the Construction of Security
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人类安全与安全建设
DOI：
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发表时间：
2002
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
M. McDonald
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. McDonald
关于国际关系中的安全概念或安全问题的特殊方法的研究，几乎总是始于对“安全”在多大程度上已成为一个本质上有争议的概念的反思，以及冷战的结束创造了一个机会或期望，即安全将被扩大、重建或重组。任何对安全理论和实践不感兴趣的现实主义倾向的人，通常都会对国际政治的现实主义理论与现实之间日益扩大的鸿沟，或者对个人、环境或世界的现实主义“安全”与“安全”之间日益扩大的鸿沟深表批评。那些具有现实主义倾向的人同时试图促进现实主义的持续相关性，并质疑替代方法的政治效用。在许多方面，安全辩论既有趣(考虑到关于核心国际关系原则和实践的核心要素的文学和思想的广度)，又令人失望地可预测，因为世界上许多文学作品无法超越陈旧的二分法。本文并不打算为这个问题提供解决方案。相反，它需要对人的安全进行特定的分析和批评，并试图在一定程度上解决对安全的“政策议程”的共同分析是否告诉我们许多关于安全是如何构建和进行的，这些“政策议程”在政治上具有相关性。有人认为，把“人的安全”作为一项政策议程，而不是作为一套更宽松的价值观和规范，既不公正地对待“人的安全”的论述，也不符合国际体系中安全“发挥作用”的方式。本文关注的是人的安全话语，这一话语近来在学术和政治层面都受到了极大的关注。人的安全一直被视为对安全日益不安全的潜在反应：在这种情况下，在传统的安全论述和做法中继续优先考虑国家一级的军事关切，加剧了个人的不安全感，未能充分应对世界各地个人面临的最紧迫的威胁。人的安全的一个隐含的假设是，将人权、经济不平等和环境变化等问题提升到安全领域将使这些问题得到更大的优先考虑，因此
Research addressing the concept of security in international relations, or a speci® c approach to security, almost always begins with a re ection on the extent to which ` security’’ has become an essentially contested concept, and that the end of the Cold War has created an opportunity or expectation that security will be broadened, rede® ned or reconstituted. Anyone not of a Realist predisposition interested in the theory and practice of security is usually deeply critical of the increasing gap between Realist theories of international politics and reality, or between Realist ` security’’ and ` security’’ for individuals, the environment or the world. Those of a Realist predisposition have attempted simultaneously to promote the continued relevance of Realism and question the political utility of alternative approaches. In many ways, the security debate is at once both interesting (given the breadth of literature and ideas concerning the core elements of a core international relations principle and practice) and disappointingly predictable, given the inability of much literature in the ® eld to move beyond tired dichotomies. This paper does not propose to proffer solutions to this problem. Rather, it takes a particular analysis, a critique of Human Security, and attempts in part to address whether common analyses of `policy agendas’’ of security, competing for political relevance, tell us much about how security is constructed and conducted. It is argued here that addressing Human Security as a policy agenda, rather than as a looser set of values and norms, does not do justice to the Human Security discourse, nor is it consistent with the way security `works’’ in the international system. This paper focuses on the Human Security discourse of security, a discourse that has received a signi® cant amount of recent attention at both the academic and political level. Human Security has been viewed as a potential response to the growing insecurity of security: a situation wherein the continued prioritisation of military concerns at the state level in traditional discourses and practices of security has served to further individual insecurity and failed to respond adequately to the most pressing threats to individuals throughout the world. An implicit assumption of Human Security is that the elevation of issues of human rights, economic inequality and environmental change, for example, to the realm of security will allow greater priority to these issues, and thus