Do extra-pair paternities provide genetic benefits for female blue tits Parus caeruleus?
Do extra-pair paternities provide genetic benefits for female blue tits Parus caeruleus?
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DOI：
10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03296.x
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发表时间：
2004-11-01
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
Lambrechts, MM
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Charmantier, A;Blondel, J;Lambrechts, MM
关于鸟类的额外对父子关系（EPP），有大量的理论提出了四个主要的“遗传”假说来解释这种行为：“好基因”假说，遗传多样性假说，遗传相容性假说和生育保险假说。经验性的测试已经稀缺，主要是因为高样本量是很难collect. We已经测试了这些假设在三个地中海种群的蓝山雀Parus caeruleus，其中50-68%的育雏包含额外的对年轻。结果表明，配对外幼鱼在各窝间的分布不是随机的，配对外幼鱼的存活率高于配对内幼鱼。这些结果支持了遗传效应对额外配对幼仔有利的观点。然而，比较戴绿帽子和戴绿帽子的男性没有显着差异，在他们的身体大小，年龄，生存或与他们配对的女性，和后代的形态计量学之间没有显着差异extra-pair和intrin-pair年轻。我们的结论是，没有一个遗传假说可以完全解释高水平的额外对父子关系，至少在我们的地中海蓝山雀种群。我们建议，直接生态效益的EPP的女性，应更经常地进行测试，以及相关的实验方法。
A large body of theories on extra-pair paternity (EPP) in birds has proposed four main "genetic" hypotheses to explain this behaviour: the "good genes" hypothesis, the genetic diversity hypothesis, the genetic compatibility hypothesis and the fertility insurance hypothesis. Empirical tests have been scarce, mainly because high sample sizes are difficult to collect. We have tested these hypotheses in three Mediterranean populations of blue tits Parus caeruleus in which 50-68% of the broods contained extra-pair young. Results showed that the distribution of extra-pair young among broods was not random, and that survival to fledging of extra-pair young was higher than that of their within-pair sibs. These results support the idea of genetic effects benefiting extra-pair young. However, comparison of cuckolded and cuckolding males showed no significant difference in their body size, age, survival or relatedness with their paired females, and offspring morphometrics did not differ between extra-pair and within-pair young. We conclude that none of the genetic hypotheses can explain fully the high level of extra-pair paternity, at least in our populations of Mediterranean blue tits. We suggest that direct ecological benefits of EPP for females should be tested more often in correlative as well as experimental approaches.