Measurement of above‐canopy meteorological profiles using unmanned aerial systems
Measurement of above‐canopy meteorological profiles using unmanned aerial systems
复制标题
使用无人机系统测量冠层上方气象剖面
DOI：
10.1002/hyp.13631
复制
发表时间：
2019
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Miller, Gretchen R.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Prior, Elizabeth M.;Brumbelow, Kelly;Miller, Gretchen R.
无人机系统（UAS）正在成为有价值的环境数据收集工具，允许用户自由地连接传感器并在接到通知后立即发射，同时还以相对较低的成本收集空间精确的数据（Simic Milas等人，2018; Nowak，Dziób，& Bogawski，2019; Dunbabin & Marques，2012; Manfreda et al.，2018年）。大气数据，如空气温度和相对湿度，可以由无人机系统收集，作为森林树冠上方的垂直剖面图，以研究树冠边界层过程和相关的痕量气体通量。传统上，垂直大气剖面通过使用下落式探测器、系留飞艇、气象气球或气象塔来收集（Russell & Uthe，1978; Seibert等人，2000年）。这些方法是有限的，因为它们是昂贵的，难以控制，和/或需要详细的后勤和仔细的规划（Beyrich，1997年;希尔，康拉德，迈耶和罗兰，1970年）。这项研究的目的是测试无人机系统描述冠层边界层和低层大气稳定性的能力。冠层边界层，也称为粗糙子层，可以定义为由于粗糙度，热量，水蒸气和CO2的传递对涡流产生的植被影响而形成的层（Arnqvist，Segalini，Dellwik，& Bergström，2015; Raupach，Finnigan，& Brunet，1996）。在此视频中，通过可视化UAS在各种户外环境中上升和下降期间温度和相对湿度的快速变化，展示了UAS的数据收集能力。正如视频中所示，由于地球上水文和大气过程的复杂性，在小的空间和时间尺度上，大气垂直剖面会出现微小的差异。使用这种方法调查了三种不同的景观：农田、过渡热带森林和山地温带森林。在美国得克萨斯州的学院站，飞行在得克萨斯A&M实验农场进行，这是一个与得克萨斯州水观测站（http：//two. tamu。edu，30 32004. 200 N 96 25053。300W）。垂直剖面收集了位于巴西河附近的棉花和玉米田。在哥斯达黎加圣伊西德罗的航班是从德克萨斯A&M索尔蒂斯研究和教育中心（http：//soltisentercostarica. tamu。edu/，10 22059. 700 N 84 37003。500W）。垂直剖面采取了过渡性山前雨林。美国格鲁吉亚州摩根顿的飞行是在蓝岭山脉进行的，蓝岭山脉是阿巴拉契亚山脉的一个分部，靠近查特胡奇国家森林。垂直剖面收集落叶林（34 49045。100 N 84 10030。200W）。UAS由三个部件组成：小型多旋翼无人机（UAV）、Kestrel DROP D3 FW火灾天气监测器（Kestrel Meters，Boothwyn，PA，USA）和连接这些元件的简单系绳。研究中使用了两种不同的无人机型号：哥斯达黎加的Autel Robotics X-Star Premium（Autel Robotics，博瑟尔，华盛顿州，美国）和DJI Phantom 4 Pro V2。0（大疆，深圳，中国）在得克萨斯州和格鲁吉亚。为了记录气象数据，Kestrel DROP使用7.5米长的单丝系在UAV起落架上。这种配置允许传感器体验不受干扰的空气，并且不受螺旋桨产生的湍流的影响（马查多，2015）。每次飞行前，传感器预设为在无人机起飞前开始5 min开始数据采集，然后每隔5 s记录一次相对湿度和空气温度数据。当无人机起飞时，传感器和单丝被拉紧，慢慢地...
Unmanned aerial systems (UASs) are becoming valuable environmental data collection tools, allowing the user freedom to attach sensors and to launch at a moment's notice while also collecting spatially precise data all at a relatively low cost (Simic Milas et al., 2018; Nowak, Dziób, & Bogawski, 2019; Dunbabin & Marques, 2012; Manfreda et al., 2018). Atmospheric data, such as air temperature and relative humidity, can be collected by UASs as a vertical profile above forest canopies to study canopy boundary layer processes and associated trace gas fluxes. Traditionally, vertical atmospheric profiles are collected by using drop sondes, tethered blimps, weather balloons, or weather towers (Russell & Uthe, 1978; Seibert et al., 2000). These methods are limited because they are expensive, difficult to control, and/or require detailed logistics and careful planning (Beyrich, 1997; Hill, Konrad, Meyer, & Rowland, 1970). The objective of the study was to test the ability of a UAS to characterize the canopy boundary layer and lower atmosphere stability. The canopy boundary layer, also known as the roughness sublayer, can be defined as a layer that has been formed due to vegetative influence on the production of eddies due to roughness, transfer of heat, water vapour, and CO2 (Arnqvist, Segalini, Dellwik, & Bergström, 2015; Raupach, Finnigan, & Brunet, 1996). In this video, the UAS's data collection ability is demonstrated by visualizing the rapid changes in temperature and relative humidity during UAS ascents and descents in a variety of outdoor environments. As shown in the video, minute differences in atmospheric vertical profiles over small scales of space and time occur because of the complexity of hydrological and atmospheric processes that govern our planet.Three distinct landscapes were surveyed using this method: farmland, transitional tropical forest, and mountainous temperate forests. In College Station, Texas, USA, flights were conducted at the Texas A&M Experimental Farm, a research site associated with the Texas Water Observatory(http://two. tamu. edu, 30 32004. 200N 96 25053. 300W). Vertical profiles were collected over cotton and corn fields located near the Brazos River. Flights in San Isidro, Costa Rica, were launched from the Texas A&M Soltis Center for Research and Education(http://soltiscentercostarica. tamu. edu/, 10 22059. 700N 84 37003. 500W). Vertical profiles were taken over transitional premontane rainforest. Flights in Morganton, Georgia, USA, were conducted in the Blue Ridge Mountains, a subsection of the Appalachian Mountains, near the Chattahoochee National Forest. Vertical profiles were collected over deciduous forest (34 49045. 100N 84 10030. 200W). The UAS consists of three components: a small multi-rotor unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), a Kestrel DROP D3FW Fire Weather Monitor (Kestrel Meters, Boothwyn, PA, USA), and a simple tether connecting these elements. Two different UAV models were used for the study: the Autel Robotics X-Star Premium (Autel Robotics, Bothell, WA, USA) in Costa Rica and the DJI Phantom 4 Pro V2. 0 (DJI, Shenzhen, China) in Texas and Georgia. To record the meteorological data, the Kestrel DROP was tethered to the UAV landing gear using 7.5 m of monofilament. This configuration allowed the sensors to experience undisturbed air and remain unaffected by the turbulence produced by the propellers (Machado, 2015). Before each flight, the sensor was preset to begin data collection 5 min before the UAV was launched and then record relative humidity and air temperature data every 5 s. While the UAV was taking off, the sensors and monofilament were held taut and slowly …
国际商业无人机监管和无人机交付服务
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
Therese Jones
通讯作者：
Therese Jones
薄膜电容传感器
DOI：
--
发表时间：
2013
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
H. Smit;R. Kivi;H. Vömel;A. Paukkunen
通讯作者：
A. Paukkunen
作为气象传感器平台的小型无线电遥控飞机
DOI：
--
发表时间：
1970
期刊：
影响因子：
--
作者：
M. Hill;T. Konrad;J. H. Meyer;J. Rowland
通讯作者：
J. Rowland