CATEGORIZATION AND MEMORY RETRIEVAL BY 3-MONTH-OLDS
CATEGORIZATION AND MEMORY RETRIEVAL BY 3-MONTH-OLDS
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DOI：
10.2307/1130212
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发表时间：
1987-06-01
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
PERRIS, EE
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
HAYNE, H;ROVEECOLLIER, C;PERRIS, EE
研究人员对84名3个月大的婴儿进行了类别特定信息的获取和长期保留的3项研究。在24小时的新颖性测试中，每3天接受不同字母数字类别成员训练的婴儿对原始训练类别的新实例有普遍反应，但对新类别的新成员没有普遍反应。2周后，当婴儿没有表现出记忆先前训练经验的证据时，如果在记忆再激活过程中使用原始训练类别中的新样本作为检索线索，则分类恢复。来自新类别的新样本不是有效的检索线索。特定类别检索线索的有效性是其与训练过程中遇到的个体样本的物理相似性的函数，而不是测试。在24小时新颖性测试和记忆再激活过程中，字母数字样本在训练过程中显示的背景都不是有效的检索线索，这表明所有不变刺激属性对类别线索的贡献并不相同。这些数据首先记录了在较长时间间隔后特定类别信息的保留情况。一种流行的分类理论认为，婴儿从个体样本中抽象出不变的特征，并形成对这些共同特征的图式或独特的记忆表征，随后的样本与这些特征进行比较。目前的数据为一个更简洁的分类说明提供了支持，它基于对个别样本信息的检索，不需要假设原型的形成。
84 3-month-olds were tested in 3 studies of the acquisition and long-term retention of category-specific information. Infants who were trained with a perceptibly different member of an alphanumeric category on each of 3 days generalized responding to a novel instance of the original training category but not a novel member of a novel category during a 24-hour novelty test. 2 weeks later, when infants displayed no evidence of remembering their prior training experience, categorization was reinstated if a novel exemplar from the original training category was used as the retrieval cue in a memory reactivation procedure. A novel exemplar from a novel category was not an effective retrieval cue. The effectiveness of the category-specific retrieval cue was a function of its physical similarity to the individual exemplars encountered during training, not testing. The background against which the alphanumeric exemplars were displayed during training was not an effective retrieval cue in either the 24-hour novelty test or the memory reactivation procedure, indicating that all invariant stimulus attributes do not contribute equally as category cues. These data are the first to document retention of category-specific information after extended intervals. A popular account of categorization holds that infants abstract invariant features from individual exemplars and form a schema or distinctive memory representation of these shared features against which subsequent exemplars are compared. The present data provide support for a more parsimonious account of categorization, based on the retrieval of information about individual exemplars, that does not require an assumption of prototype formation.