Paradigm gaps are associated with weird “distributional semantics” properties: Russian defective nouns and their case and number paradigms
Paradigm gaps are associated with weird “distributional semantics” properties: Russian defective nouns and their case and number paradigms
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范式差距与奇怪的“分布语义”属性相关：俄语有缺陷的名词及其格和数字范式
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Andrea Sims
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作者：
Yu;Dunstan Brown;Harald Baayen;Roger Evans;Mark Aronoff;M. Baerman;Neil Bermel;Matt Caroll;Greville Corbett;Dagmar Divjak;Nick Evans;Alexandre Nikolaev;Andrea Sims
本文从分布语义学的角度考察俄语格和数名词聚合范式中的缺损现象。我们使用词嵌入，从大型文本语料库中训练的高维向量，并将观察到的Zaliznjak（1977）提出的属格复数有缺陷的名词的范式与观察到的非缺陷范式进行比较。当将约20，000个嵌入的格形投影到二维空间时，发现格和格内数的聚类，表明具有相同格形特征的词具有全局语义相似性。此外，有缺陷的词位的特点是较低的语义透明度，即在相同的词位的分离形式是语义上不太相似，他们的意义也更独特。此外，与非缺陷词素相比，缺陷词素的不完整形式更远离理想化的平均格数意义，通过对相同格数组合的所有不完整形式的向量进行平均来获得。因此，有缺陷的形式的语义预测不太准确的一个简单的模型的概念化，假设一个给定的俄语的意义在excluded形式是近似的总和相关的嵌入的词位，情况下，和数的情况下。我们的结论是，语义，至少是词嵌入捕获的那种，也有助于俄罗斯名词范例的缺陷。
This study investigates the phenomenon of defectiveness in Russian case and number noun paradigms from the perspective of distributional semantics. We made use of word embeddings, high-dimensional vectors trained from large text corpora, and compared the observed paradigms of nouns that are defective in the genitive plural, as suggested by Zaliznjak (1977), with the observed paradigms for non-defective paradigms. When the embeddings of about 20,000 inflected forms were projected onto a two-dimensional space, clusters of case and number within case were found, suggesting global semantic similarity for words with the same inflectional features. Moreover, defective lexemes were characterized by lower semantic transparency, in that inflected forms of the same lexeme are semantically less similar to each other, and their meanings are also more idiosyncratic. Furthermore, compared to non-defective lexemes, inflected forms from defective lexemes are further away from the idealized average case-number meanings, obtained by averaging over the vectors of all inflected forms of the same case-number combination. As a consequence, the semantics of defective forms are predicted less precisely by a simple model of conceptualization that assumes that the meaning of a given Russian inflected form is approximated well by the sum of pertinent embeddings of the lexeme, case, and number within case. We conclude that semantics, at least the kind captured by word embeddings, also contributes to the defectiveness of Russian noun paradigms.