Measurements of Ice Nucleating Particles and Ice Residuals
Measurements of Ice Nucleating Particles and Ice Residuals
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DOI：
10.1175/amsmonographs-d-16-0008.1
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发表时间：
2017-04
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
D. Cziczo;Luis A. Ladino;Y. Boose;Z. Kanji;Piotr Kupiszewski;S. Lance;S. Mertes;H. Wex
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文献类型：
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作者：
D. Cziczo;Luis A. Ladino;Y. Boose;Z. Kanji;Piotr Kupiszewski;S. Lance;S. Mertes;H. Wex
气溶胶粒子作为冰形成的核已经有超过世纪的历史了。最初试图了解这些冰成核颗粒的性质是光学和电子显微镜检查晶体中心的夹杂物（见Isono; Kumai）。直到最近几十年，才有仪器从云中提取冰晶，并分析冷凝水升华后的残留物质（见Cziczo和Froyd）。确定大气气溶胶的冰成核潜力的技术只在类似的时间内才到位（见DeMott等人）。在这一章中，冰成核粒子的测量，无论是在现场和实验室的补充研究的历史，进行了审查。剩余的不确定性和工件与测量的描述和建议，为今后的改进领域。
AbstractIt has been known that aerosol particles act as nuclei for ice formation for over a century and a half (see Dufour). Initial attempts to understand the nature of these ice nucleating particles were optical and electron microscope inspection of inclusions at the center of a crystal (see Isono; Kumai). Only within the last few decades has instrumentation to extract ice crystals from clouds and analyze the residual material after sublimation of condensed-phase water been available (see Cziczo and Froyd). Techniques to ascertain the ice nucleating potential of atmospheric aerosols have only been in place for a similar amount of time (see DeMott et al.). In this chapter the history of measurements of ice nucleating particles, both in the field and complementary studies in the laboratory, are reviewed. Remaining uncertainties and artifacts associated with measurements are described and suggestions for future areas of improvement are made.