Feeding and Avoiding Predation Hazard: the Behavioral Response of the Prey
Feeding and Avoiding Predation Hazard: the Behavioral Response of the Prey
复制标题
进食和避免捕食危险：猎物的行为反应
DOI：
10.1111/j.1439-0310.1986.tb00999.x
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发表时间：
2010
期刊：
影响因子：
1.7
通讯作者：
F. Huntingford
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
D. Fraser;F. Huntingford
觅食者可以通过以下方式应对捕食的危险：（1）忽略危险并最大限度地吃掉所有级别的食物（不顾风险）； （2）避免危害并尽量减少进食（风险规避）； (3) 每个级别的食物减少相同数量的喂养，随着危险的增加而减少更多（风险调整）； (4) 减少食物含量低时的喂养，同时在食物含量高时接受更大的危害（风险平衡）。我们使用 9 只三刺刺鱼 Gasterosteus aculeatus，通过 3 乘 4 阶乘、重复测量设计，通过实验区分了这四种标称反应。这些鱼在一个含有掠食性鳟鱼 Salmo trutta 无法进入的避难所的水族箱中进行了 12 种食物组合（低、中、高）和捕食危险（捕食者密度 = 0、1、2、3）的测试。面对掠食者，刺鱼吃得更少，更多地使用避难所。即使没有捕食者，吃的量（而不是离开避难所的时间）与食物呈正相关。由于刺鱼作为一个群体似乎在各个食物水平上均等地抑制摄食，因此它们采取了风险调整反应。然而，个人对危险的反应各不相同。
A forager may respond to the hazard of predation by (1) ignoring the hazard and eating maximally at all levels of food (risk-reckless); (2) avoiding the hazard and minimizing eating (risk-avoiding); (3) reducing feeding by the same amount at each level of food, making greater reductions as hazard increases (risk-adjusting); (4) reducing feeding at low levels of food, while accepting a greater hazard when food levels are high (risk-balancing). We experimentally distinguished these four nominal responses using 9 three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus in a 3 times 4 factorial, repeated measures design. The fish were tested in an aquarium containing a refuge inaccessible to predatory trout, Salmo trutta, in 12 combinations of food (low, medium, high) and predation hazard (predator density = 0, 1, 2, 3). With predators, sticklebacks ate less and used the refuge more. Amount eaten, but not time spent out of the refuge, was positively correlated with food, even in the absence of predators. Since sticklebacks as a group appeared to depress feeding by equal amounts at all levels of food, they employed a risk-adjusting response. However, individuals varied in their response to hazard.