Editorial: Why is community action needed for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation?
Editorial: Why is community action needed for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation?
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社论：为什么需要社区行动来减少灾害风险和适应气候变化？
DOI：
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发表时间：
2011
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Satterthwaite
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Satterthwaite
当灾害发生时，反应的速度和有效性在很大程度上取决于代表受影响最严重和最脆弱者需求的地方组织。正如Jorgelina Hardoy、Gustavo Pandiella和Luz Stella Velasquez Barrero的论文指出的那样，灾害发生在地方或社区一级，生命和生计丧失，房屋和基础设施受损或被毁，卫生和教育受到损害。在地方一级，许多灾害风险也可以在灾害发生之前得到处理。减少灾害风险的大部分责任福尔斯落在地方政府身上，灾害造成的大部分死亡和破坏表明了地方政府的失败。灾后行动的成功在很大程度上也取决于灾前规划以及地方政府和民间社会组织的认识和准备情况。这样，社区行动和与地方政府的伙伴关系不仅对最大限度地减少风险至关重要，而且对以能够加强当地生计和生活质量的方式应对影响和塑造复苏也至关重要。本期的文章让我们注意到社区行动的重要性--减少灾害风险、灾后重建和适应气候变化。Diane Archer和Somsook Boonyabancha的论文强调了受灾社区的能量和创造力，因为他们比外部机构更有效，更便宜地重建家园和生计。Norberto Carcellar、Jason Christopher Rayos Co和Zarina O Hipolito撰写的文件介绍了菲律宾无家可归者联合会为受灾社区和减少灾害风险制定的支助方案，以及这一方案给低收入受灾家庭或风险家庭带来的好处。卡西迪约翰逊的论文回顾了1999年地震后土耳其当地民间社会团体的作用。Mark Pelling的论文考虑了社区组织在海地、圭亚那和多米尼加共和国减少城市灾害风险中的作用。本期的其他论文显示了社区组织在制定灾害风险应对措施或灾后重建以及争取政府支持方面的重要性。此外，2012年4月的《环境与城市化》杂志已经接受了一些关于社区组织绘制灾害风险和脆弱性地图并制定应对措施的能力的论文。但是，这种对社区组织的关注适合城市环境吗？限制是什么？社区组织无法设计和建造对抵御风暴和强降雨非常重要的全市基础设施--例如，能够科普突发和大量增加的水量的暴雨和地表排水沟以及道路和桥梁网络。Mark Pelling的论文描述了如何与社区组织合作进行风险测绘和提高认识，从而开展小型工程，并为团体活动提供重点（例如，在排水运河上建造小桥，
When disasters happen, the speed and effectiveness of response depends very heavily on local organizations that represent the needs of those most impacted and most vulnerable. As the paper by Jorgelina Hardoy, Gustavo Pandiella and Luz Stella Velasquez Barrero notes, it is at the local or neighbourhood level that disasters happen, lives and livelihoods are lost, houses and infrastructure damaged or destroyed, and health and education compromised. It is also at the local level that many of the disaster risks can be addressed before disasters occur. Much of the responsibility for disaster risk reduction falls to local governments and much of the death and destruction from disasters shows up the failings of local government. The success of post-disaster actions is also to a large extent determined by pre-disaster planning and awareness and readiness within local government and civil society organizations. In this way, community action and partnerships with local government are central not just to minimizing risk but also in responding to impact and shaping recovery in ways that can strengthen local livelihoods and quality of life. The papers in this issue bring to our attention the importance of community action – for disaster risk reduction, for post-disaster rebuilding and for climate change adaptation. The paper by Diane Archer and Somsook Boonyabancha highlights the energy and creativity of disaster-affected communities as they rebuild their homes and livelihoods far more effectively and far more cheaply than external agencies. The paper by Norberto Carcellar, Jason Christopher Rayos Co and Zarina O Hipolito describes the support programme developed by the Homeless People’s Federation of the Philippines for disaster-affected communities and for disaster risk reduction, and the benefits this brings to low-income disaster-affected or atrisk households. The paper by Cassidy Johnson reviews the roles of local civil society groups in Turkey after the 1999 earthquakes. And the paper by Mark Pelling considers the roles of community organizations in urban disaster risk reduction in Haiti, Guyana and the Dominican Republic. Other papers in this issue show the importance of community organizations in developing responses to disaster risk or in post-disaster rebuilding and in trying to get government support to do so. Furthermore, some papers have already been accepted for the April 2012 issue of Environment and Urbanization on the capacities of community organizations to map disaster risk and vulnerability and develop measures to address them. But is this focus on community organization appropriate for urban contexts? And what are the limits? Community organizations cannot design and build the citywide infrastructure that is so important for resilience to storms and heavy rainfall – for instance, storm and surface drains and road and bridge networks that can cope with sudden and much increased volumes of water. The paper by Mark Pelling describes how working with community organizations on risk mapping and awareness raising can lead to small works and provide a focus for group activities (e.g. building small bridges across drainage canals,