INSIDE VOLCANIC CLOUDS Remote Sensing of Ash Plumes Using Microwave Weather Radars
INSIDE VOLCANIC CLOUDS Remote Sensing of Ash Plumes Using Microwave Weather Radars
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DOI：
10.1175/bams-d-11-00160.1
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发表时间：
2013-10-01
影响因子：
8
通讯作者：
Vulpiani, Gianfranco
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Marzano, Frank S.;Picciotti, Errico;Vulpiani, Gianfranco
利用地基微波天气雷达可以定量监测普林尼期和次普林尼期火山喷发的微物理和动力学特征。这种遥感技术的方法原理和独特的潜力进行了说明和讨论。对地面气象雷达获得的体积数据进行处理，以自动分类和估计灰粒浓度和沉降物。物理-统计检索算法基于细、粗和火山灰颗粒的后向散射微物理模型，在贝叶斯分类和最佳估计方法中使用。通过描述世界各地火山爆发的几个案例研究，证实了雷达获取数据对火山灰监测的有用性和局限性的实验证据。由于距离和系统噪声以及各种雷达频带和配置（即，多普勒和双极化）。所讨论的雷达产生的火山灰浓度的例子涉及以下案例研究：2002年在阿拉斯加用S波段雷达观测到的奥古斯丁火山喷发; 2004年和2011年在冰岛用C波段和X波段气象雷达观测到的格里姆火山喷发，并与现场样本进行了比较;以及2011年用X波段偏振雷达观测到的埃特纳火山喷发。这些应用展示了各种基于雷达的产品，可用于研究爆发性火山活动。
Microphysical and dynamical features of volcanic tephra due to Plinian and sub-Plinian eruptions can be quantitatively monitored by using ground-based microwave weather radars. The methodological rationale and unique potential of this remote-sensing technique are illustrated and discussed. Volume data, acquired by ground-based weather radars, are processed to automatically classify and estimate ash particle concentration and fallout. The physical- statistical retrieval algorithm is based on a backscattering microphysical model of fine, coarse, and lapilli ash particles, used within a Bayesian classification and optimal estimation methodology. The experimental evidence of the usefulness and limitations of radar acquisitions for volcanic ash monitoring is supported by describing several case studies of volcanic eruptions all over the world. The radar sensitivity due to the distance and the system noise, as well as the various radar bands and configurations (i.e., Doppler and dual polarized), are taken into account. The discussed examples of radar-derived ash concentrations refer to the case studies of the Augustine volcano eruption in 2002, observed in Alaska by an S-band radar; the Grimsvotn volcano eruptions in 2004 and 2011, observed in Iceland by C- and X-band weather radars and compared with in situ samples; and the Mount Etna volcano eruption in 2011, observed by an X-band polarimetric radar. These applications demonstrate the variety of radar-based products that can be derived and exploited for the study of explosive volcanism.