The new competition for land: Food, energy, and climate change
The new competition for land: Food, energy, and climate change
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DOI：
10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.11.009
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发表时间：
2011-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
6.5
通讯作者：
Pilgrim, Sarah
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Harvey, Mark;Pilgrim, Sarah
本文件论述了在石油化工资源减少和迫切需要减少温室气体排放的情况下，由于粮食需求不断增长和变化，加上全球对运输能源的需求不断增加，对土地的新竞争。该论文从“食品、能源和环境三元悖论”的前提出发（Tilman等人，2009年），其中所有扩大耕地面积的要求都存在增加农业碳足迹的高风险。在回顾了粮食和液体运输燃料需求的主要驱动因素后，本文权衡了围绕粮食价格飙升、土地需求以及随之而来的直接和间接土地利用变化所引起的生物燃料的争议。它表明，我们需要一个更复杂的，地理上有区别的，直接和间接的土地利用变化之间的相互作用的分析。然后，本文回顾了土地可用性的证据，并提出，除了土壤，水和气候方面的技术可用性，政治，社会和技术因素显着塑造了在全球不同地区，特别是美国，巴西和欧洲的三大生物燃料生产的土地竞争。通过审查这三个地区生物燃料的不同创新途径，进一步发展了这一点。本次评论的主要结论是，首先，任何分析都需要对粮食-能源-环境三难困境采取综合方法，其次，需要创新和可持续发展监管的战略政治方向，以实现农业的重大转变，从而实现可持续集约化耕作（皇家学会，2009年），而不是持续扩大耕地面积。由此产生的前景是技术、农业生产系统和自然资源的使用在全球范围内有相当大的差异。这与我们已经习惯的以石化为基础的全球主导和综合技术平台的世界形成鲜明对比。(C)2010年女王的打印机和HMSO控制器。由爱思唯尔有限公司出版。保留所有权利。
The paper addresses the new competition for land arising from growing and changing demand for food when combined with increasing global demand for transport energy, under conditions of declining petrochemical resources and the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The paper starts from the premise of a 'food, energy and environment trilemma' (Tilman et al., 2009), where all demands to expand the area of cultivated land present high risks of increasing the carbon footprint of agriculture. Having reviewed the main drivers of demand for food and for liquid transport fuels, the paper weighs the controversies surrounding biofuels arising from food-price spikes, the demand for land, and consequent direct and indirect land-use change. It suggests that we need a more complex, and geographically differentiated, analysis of the interactions between direct and indirect land-use change. The paper then reviews evidence of land availability, and suggests that in addition to technical availability in terms of soil, water, and climate, political, social, and technological factors have significantly shaped the competition for land in different global regions, particularly the three major biofuel producing ones of the USA, Brazil and Europe. This point is further developed by reviewing the different innovation pathways for biofuels in these three regions. The main conclusion of this review is firstly that any analysis requires an integrated approach to the food-energy-environment trilemma, and secondly that strategic political direction of innovation and sustainability regulation are required to bring about major shifts in agriculture leading to sustainable intensification of cultivation (Royal Society, 2009), rather than the continued expansion of cultivated area. The consequent perspective is one of considerable global variety in technologies, agricultural productive systems, and use of natural resources. This contrasts sharply with the world of a dominant global and integrated technology platform based on petro-chemicals to which we have become accustomed. (C) 2010 Queen's Printer and Controller of HMSO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.