Communication of Adult Rats by Ultrasonic Vocalization: Biological, Sociobiological, and Neuroscience Approaches
Communication of Adult Rats by Ultrasonic Vocalization: Biological, Sociobiological, and Neuroscience Approaches
复制标题
DOI：
10.1093/ilar.50.1.43
复制
发表时间：
2009-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.5
通讯作者：
Brudzynski, Stefan M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Brudzynski, Stefan M.
老鼠已经发展出了反捕食者的防御性适应，以保护自己免受大量捕食它们的动物的伤害。其中一种适应是通过超声波发声进行交流的能力，这降低了被捕食者发现的可能性。几乎所有的老鼠发声都是人耳听不见的，所以超声波发声的实验室研究需要专门的电子设备。其中最受欢迎的是“蝙蝠探测器”，它将超声波频率降低到人类可以听到的频率。成年大鼠发出两种类型的超声波叫声：在令人厌恶和危险的情况下发出警报（22 kHz）叫声，以及在食欲或“友好”（即，非攻击性）行为情况。这两种类型的呼叫在所有声学参数上都不同，它们的启动取决于前脑不同的被盖上行通路的活动：22 kHz的呼叫需要胆碱能系统的活动，而50 kHz的呼叫需要中脑边缘多巴胺能系统的活动。间脑和前脑中乙酰胆碱的释放与22 kHz的发声有关，而中脑核中多巴胺的释放与50 kHz的发声有关。因此，这两种叫声是大脑中胆碱能或多巴胺能活动增加的可靠预测因子。这些叫声作为大鼠状态的指标，包括由一个或另一个神经化学系统的活动诱导的情感状态。
Rats have developed antipredator defensive adaptations to protect themselves from the large number of animals that prey on them. One such adaptation is the ability to communicate by ultrasonic vocalization, which decreases the likelihood of detection by a predator. Almost all rat vocalizations are inaudible to the human ear as well, so laboratory studies of ultrasonic vocalization require specialized electronic equipment. The most popular of these is the "bat detector," which lowers ultrasonic frequency to a humanly audible frequency. Adult rats emit two types of ultrasonic calls: alarm (22 kHz) calls, in aversive and dangerous situations, and appetitive (50 kHz) calls, in appetitive or "friendly" (i.e., nonaggressive) behavioral situations. These two types of calls differ in all acoustic parameters, and their initiation depends on activity in different ascending tegmental pathways to the forebrain: 22 kHz calls require activity in the cholinergic system, and 50 kHz calls in the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. The release of acetylcholine in the diencephalon and forebrain is associated with the emission of 22 kHz vocalizations, and the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens with 50 kHz calls. Thus the two calls are reliable predictors of increased cholinergic or dopaminergic activity in the brain. The calls serve as indices of the rat's state, including its affective state, induced by activity of one or the other neurochemical system.