Carcinogenicity of airborne fine particulate benzo(a)pyrene: an appraisal of the evidence and the need for control.
Carcinogenicity of airborne fine particulate benzo(a)pyrene: an appraisal of the evidence and the need for control.
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DOI：
10.1289/ehp.8142163
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发表时间：
1981-12
影响因子：
10.4
通讯作者：
Perera F
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Perera F
苯并（a）芘（BaP）是一种广泛存在的大气污染物，主要来源于化石燃料和其他有机物的燃烧过程，并被吸附在颗粒物表面。现有的排放量和空气质量数据是基于颗粒物的总重量，而没有提及颗粒物的大小，关于细颗粒BaP的趋势和浓度的信息很少。能源生产和运输更多地依赖煤炭、合成燃料和柴油燃料将显著增加环境中的苯并（a）芘水平。由于颗粒大小，BaP基本上沉积在下肺中并容易洗脱到周围组织中。在肺中洗脱后，BaP通过一种复杂的酶系统被代谢激活为亲电致癌形式，该酶系统的活性因先前暴露于空气污染物、香烟烟雾和某些药物而增加。已显示所得二醇环氧化物代谢物与肺的DNA共价结合。在实验动物中，苯并（a）芘是一种强致癌物，二氧化硫、促进剂和载体微粒可增强其作用。小剂量、分次剂量的苯并（a）芘的作用已被证明大于单次高剂量的作用;尚未确定阈值。流行病学研究表明，含有苯并（a）芘的混合物（如城市空气、工业排放物和香烟烟雾）具有致癌性，并可能相互作用。职业研究表明，含BaP的混合物的作用在SO2的存在下增强。然而，由于小规模动物研究外推到一般人群的问题、流行病学调查结果的不确定性以及接触数据的不精确性，无法对苯并（a）芘进行定量风险评估。现有的固定和移动的控制优先去除粗颗粒物质，并且是颗粒BaP的低效收集器。在目前缺乏苯并（a）芘的健康和环境标准的情况下，控制苯并（a）芘排放的动力不大。BaP符合《清洁空气法》的监管标准;然而，尚未提出此类BaP标准。
Benzo(a)pyrene(BaP) originating from fossil fuel and other organic combustion processes is largely adsorbed on fine particulate and hence is a widespread atmospheric pollutant. Available emissions and air quality data are based on the total weight of particulate matter without reference to size and give little information on trends and concentrations of fine particulate BaP. Greater reliance on coal, synfuels and diesel fuel for energy production and transportation will significantly increase ambient levels of BaP. Because of the particulate size, BaP is substantially deposited in the lower lung and readily eluted into surrounding tissue. After elution in the lung, BaP is metabolically activated to its electrophilic, carcinogenic from by a complex enzyme system whose activity is increased by prior exposure to air pollutants, cigarette smoke and certain drugs. The resultant diol epoxide metabolite has been shown to bind covalently with the DNA of the lung. In experimental animals, BaP is a potent initiating carcinogen whose action is enhanced by sulfur dioxide, promoting agents and carrier fine particles. The effect of small, divided doses of BaP has been shown to be greater than that of a single high dose; no threshold has been established. Epidemiological studies show that mixtures containing BaP (such as urban air, industrial emissions and cigarette smoke) are carcinogenic and may interact synergistically. Occupational studies indicate that the action of BaP-containing mixtures is enhanced in the presence of SO2. However, quantitative risk assessment for BaP is precluded by problems in extrapolating to the general population from small-scale animal studies; uncertainties in findings of epidemiology; and imprecise exposure data. Existing stationary and mobile controls preferentially remove coarse particulate matter and are inefficient collectors of the particulate BaP. In the current absence of health and environmental standards for BaP, there is little incentive to control BaP emissions. BaP meets the criteria for regulation under the Clean Air Act; however, no such BaP standards have yet been proposed.