Histological structure of antlers in castrated male fallow deer (Dama dama)
Histological structure of antlers in castrated male fallow deer (Dama dama)
复制标题
DOI：
10.1002/ar.a.20127
复制
发表时间：
2004-12-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Rolf, HJ
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Kierdorf, U;Kierdorf, H;Rolf, HJ
除了驯鹿以外，只有公鹿才长出鹿角。每年的鹿角周期是由血液中性类固醇浓度的季节性波动控制的，因此雄鹿的阉割会导致正常鹿角生长的偏差。本研究对去势休雄鹿（Dama Dama）的鹿角组织学进行了研究。早春阉割之后，雄鹿身上的硬角被铸造出来，长出一套新的鹿角，这些鹿角永远保持在天鹅绒里。在接下来的一年里，许多骨突起从原来的鹿角表面发育出来。这些由骨膜下骨化形成的突起进一步生长，导致受影响区域鹿角直径显着增加。与完整雄鹿的鹿角相比，去势鹿角表现出不成熟的组织学迹象，表明骨重塑减少和矿化过程受损。这些变化表明，上述过程依赖于较高水平的性类固醇的刺激。去势两年后，鹿角也出现了被皮增厚，并初步形成了皮肤外生物。皮肤内有囊性结构，常充满推测为皮脂质和/或角质物质。在去势雄鹿的鹿角中未观察到皮内骨或软骨的形成。皮肤生长的组织学结构表明，它们是由天鹅绒的真皮成分肥大引起的。由于骨膜骨与原鹿角表面相贴，导致局部骨过度生长，形成有皮肤的褶皱，并深入到新形成的骨中。我们的研究显示，没有迹象表明鹿角有侵入性/破坏性的骨骼生长，即新形成的骨组织渗透到原有的骨骼中。将去势鹿角的肥厚骨生长与哺乳动物骨骼中其他形式的骨膜源性肥厚骨形成（包括骨瘤）进行比较。本文讨论了去势雄鹿鹿角的皮肤和骨骼增生是否可以归类为良性肿瘤。(C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc。
Antlers are periodically replaced cranial appendages that, except for the reindeer, are grown only by male deer. The annual antler cycle is controlled by seasonal fluctuations of sex steroid concentrations in the blood, and accordingly castration of male deer causes deviations from normal antler growth. The present study investigated antler histology of castrated fallow bucks (Dama dama). Castration in early spring was followed by casting of the hard antlers carried by the bucks and the growth of a new set of antlers, which remained in velvet permanently. In the following year, numerous bony protuberances developed from the original antler surface. Further growth of these protuberances, which were formed by subperiosteal intramembranous ossification, led to a marked increase in antler diameter in the affected areas. Compared to antlers of intact bucks, the antlers of the castrates showed histological signs of immaturity, suggestive of a reduced bone remodeling and an impairment of the mineralization process. These changes point to the dependence of the above processes on a stimulation by higher levels of sex steroids. Two years after castration, the antlers also developed integumental thickening and showed an initial formation of skin outgrowths. Cystic structures were present in the skin, which were often filled with a presumably sebaceous and/or keratinous material. Formation of intradermal bone or cartilage was not observed in the antlers of the castrated fallow bucks. The histological structure of the skin outgrowths suggested that they were caused by a hypertrophy of the dermal component of the velvet. Due to the localized bone overgrowth, resulting from the periosteal bone apposition onto the original antler surface, skin-lined infoldings originated, which reached deep into the newly formed bone. Our study revealed no indication of invasive/destructive bone growth in the antlers, i.e., of a penetration of the newly formed bone tissue into the pre-existing bone. The hypertrophic bone growth in the antlers of the castrates is compared with other forms of periosteally derived hypertrophic bone formation, including osteomas, in the mammalian skeleton. It is discussed whether the skin and bone outgrowths of the antlers of castrated fallow bucks may be classified as benign tumors. (C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.