Harm reduction as a complex adaptive system: A dynamic framework for analyzing Tanzanian policies concerning heroin use.
Harm reduction as a complex adaptive system: A dynamic framework for analyzing Tanzanian policies concerning heroin use.
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减少危害作为一个复杂的适应性系统：分析坦桑尼亚有关海洛因使用的政策的动态框架。
DOI：
10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.12.008
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发表时间：
2016
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
McCurdy,SherylA
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Ratliff,EricA;Kaduri,Pamela;Masao,Frank;Mbwambo,JessieKK;McCurdy,SherylA
与普遍的看法相反，有关吸毒的政策并不总是基于科学证据或以合理的方式制定。相反，有关毒品政策的决定反映了行动者在以不同方式围绕与非法药物使用有关的感知问题进行组织时对其野心、价值观和事实的谈判。因此，药物政策最好表现为一个动态、自组织和共同进化的复杂适应系统（CAS）。在本分析中，我们使用CAS框架来研究过去三十年（1985年至今）坦桑尼亚海洛因贩运和使用方面的危害减少情况。这种叙述是一种有组织的民族志，其基础是作者在这个系统中作为行动者的观察参与。我们回顾了减少危害的动态历史和自组织性质，注意到系统参与者和组成部分之间的相互作用如何随着时间的推移与海洛因使用、警务和治疗活动的模式共同进化。使用CAS框架，我们将减少危害描述为一个复杂的过程，其中雄心、价值观、事实和技术在坦桑尼亚的社会政治环境中相互作用。我们回顾了海洛因政策的动态历史和自组织性质，注意到相互竞争的禁止政策和减少伤害政策之间的相互作用如何随着海洛因使用模式、警务和治疗活动的变化而变化。参与者从他们的经验中学习与其他参与者组织，调整他们的价值观和事实，并实施新的政策。使用CAS方法可以使研究人员和政策行为者更好地了解药物政策的模式和复杂性。这种关于系统如何工作的知识可以通过自适应行动来帮助改进政策过程，从而将新的参与者、不同的想法和交流途径引入系统。
Contrary to popular belief, policies on drug use are not always based on scientific evidence or composed in a rational manner. Rather, decisions concerning drug policies reflect the negotiation of actors’ ambitions, values, and facts as they organize in different ways around the perceived problems associated with illicit drug use. Drug policy is thus best represented as a complex adaptive system (CAS) that is dynamic, self-organizing, and coevolving. In this analysis, we use a CAS framework to examine how harm reduction emerged around heroin trafficking and use in Tanzania over the past thirty years (1985-present). This account is an organizational ethnography based on of the observant participation of the authors as actors within this system. We review the dynamic history and self-organizing nature of harm reduction, noting how interactions among system actors and components have coevolved with patterns of heroin us, policing, and treatment activities over time. Using a CAS framework, we describe harm reduction as a complex process where ambitions, values, facts, and technologies interact in the Tanzanian sociopolitical environment. We review the dynamic history and self-organizing nature of heroin policies, noting how the interactions within and between competing prohibitionist and harm reduction policies have changed with patterns of heroin use, policing, and treatment activities over time. Actors learn from their experiences to organize with other actors, align their values and facts, and implement new policies. Using a CAS approach provides researchers and policy actors a better understanding of patterns and intricacies in drug policy. This knowledge of how the system works can help improve the policy process through adaptive action to introduce new actors, different ideas, and avenues for communication into the system.