Science without laws : model systems, cases, exemplary narratives-猫眼课题宝

没有规律的科学：模型系统、案例、示范性叙述

DOI：

发表时间：

2007

期刊：

影响因子：

通讯作者：

中科院分区：

文献类型：

作者：

A. Creager;E. Lunbeck;M. Wise;Jessica Riskin

物理学家经常引用宇宙定律，如运动和电磁定律来解释事件。生物和医学科学家没有这样的法律。那么，他们如何获得关于生物有机体和人类疾病的可靠知识体系呢？一种方法是通过反复地回到、操纵、观察、解释和重新解释某些对象--比如苍蝇、老鼠、蠕虫或微生物--或者如生物学中所称的“模型系统”。在自然科学和社会科学中，其他学科领域已经发展出了典型的例子，这些例子发挥了与生物学模型系统相当的作用，不仅作为参考点和一般原则或价值的说明，而且作为继续调查和重新解释的场所。本书中的文章评估了模型对象在生物学、地质学和历史学等不同领域中的范围和功能，并关注了不同领域之间的差异以及认识论上的共性。贡献者研究果蝇和蠕虫在生物学中的作用，狒狒在灵长类动物学中的部队，地壳运动在地质学中的盒子和数字模拟，以及气候学中的气象模型。他们分析了博弈论中囚犯困境的深入研究，人类学中的仪式，精神分析研究中的个案，以及政治理论中的雅典民主。贡献者阐明了特定的有机体，案例，材料或叙述成为其领域基础的过程，他们研究了这些基础范例-从果蝇到弗洛伊德的多拉-如何塑造他们学科内产生的知识。贡献者瑞秋·A安克尼安吉拉·N H. Creager 艾米·达汉·达尔梅蒂科约翰·福雷斯特克利福德·格尔茨卡洛·金斯堡 E.简·阿尔伯特·哈伯德伊丽莎白·伦贝克玛丽S.摩根约西亚·奥伯内奥米·奥雷斯克斯苏珊·斯珀林马塞尔·韦伯 M.诺顿·怀斯

Physicists regularly invoke universal laws, such as those of motion and electromagnetism, to explain events. Biological and medical scientists have no such laws. How then do they acquire a reliable body of knowledge about biological organisms and human disease? One way is by repeatedly returning to, manipulating, observing, interpreting, and reinterpreting certain subjects—such as flies, mice, worms, or microbes—or, as they are known in biology, “model systems.” Across the natural and social sciences, other disciplinary fields have developed canonical examples that have played a role comparable to that of biology’s model systems, serving not only as points of reference and illustrations of general principles or values but also as sites of continued investigation and reinterpretation. The essays in this collection assess the scope and function of model objects in domains as diverse as biology, geology, and history, attending to differences between fields as well as to epistemological commonalities. Contributors examine the role of the fruit fly Drosophila and nematode worms in biology, troops of baboons in primatology, box and digital simulations of the movement of the earth’s crust in geology, and meteorological models in climatology. They analyze the intensive study of the prisoner’s dilemma in game theory, ritual in anthropology, the individual case in psychoanalytic research, and Athenian democracy in political theory. The contributors illuminate the processes through which particular organisms, cases, materials, or narratives become foundational to their fields, and they examine how these foundational exemplars—from the fruit fly to Freud’s Dora—shape the knowledge produced within their disciplines. Contributors Rachel A. Ankeny Angela N. H. Creager Amy Dahan Dalmedico John Forrester Clifford Geertz Carlo Ginzburg E. Jane Albert Hubbard Elizabeth Lunbeck Mary S. Morgan Josiah Ober Naomi Oreskes Susan Sperling Marcel Weber M. Norton Wise

Science without laws : model systems, cases, exemplary narratives

没有规律的科学：模型系统、案例、示范性叙述

文献摘要

被引文献

相似文献