Minimizing Additive Distortion in Steganography Using Syndrome-Trellis Codes
Minimizing Additive Distortion in Steganography Using Syndrome-Trellis Codes
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DOI：
10.1109/tifs.2011.2134094
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发表时间：
2011-09-01
影响因子：
6.8
通讯作者：
Fridrich, Jessica
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Filler, Tomas;Judas, Jan;Fridrich, Jessica
本文提出了一个完整的实用方法，最小化一般（非二进制）嵌入操作的隐写术中的加性失真。让每个隐写元素的每个可能值都被分配一个标量，该标量表示通过用该值替换覆盖元素而完成的嵌入变化的失真。总失真被假定为每个元件失真的总和。有效载荷受限的发送器（最小化总失真，同时嵌入固定的有效载荷）和失真受限的发送器（最大化有效载荷，同时引入固定的总失真）都被考虑。在没有任何性能损失的情况下，通过替换覆盖元素中的各个位，将非二进制情况分解为几个二进制情况。二进制的情况下，接近使用一种新的综合征编码方案的基础上配备了维特比算法的双卷积码。这种快速和非常通用的解决方案实现了国家的最先进的结果，在隐写应用，同时具有线性的时间和空间复杂度w.r.t.覆盖元素的数量。我们报告了大量的实验结果的一组相对有效载荷和不同的失真配置文件，包括湿纸通道。通过构造和测试光栅域和变换域数字图像的自适应嵌入方案，验证了该方法的实用价值。目前隐写术中使用的大多数编码方案（矩阵嵌入、湿纸编码等）并且许多新的可以使用该框架来实现。
This paper proposes a complete practical methodology for minimizing additive distortion in steganography with general (nonbinary) embedding operation. Let every possible value of every stego element be assigned a scalar expressing the distortion of an embedding change done by replacing the cover element by this value. The total distortion is assumed to be a sum of per-element distortions. Both the payload-limited sender (minimizing the total distortion while embedding a fixed payload) and the distortion-limited sender (maximizing the payload while introducing a fixed total distortion) are considered. Without any loss of performance, the nonbinary case is decomposed into several binary cases by replacing individual bits in cover elements. The binary case is approached using a novel syndrome-coding scheme based on dual convolutional codes equipped with the Viterbi algorithm. This fast and very versatile solution achieves state-of-the-art results in steganographic applications while having linear time and space complexity w.r.t. the number of cover elements. We report extensive experimental results for a large set of relative payloads and for different distortion profiles, including the wet paper channel. Practical merit of this approach is validated by constructing and testing adaptive embedding schemes for digital images in raster and transform domains. Most current coding schemes used in steganography (matrix embedding, wet paper codes, etc.) and many new ones can be implemented using this framework.