Metals, minerals and microbes: geomicrobiology and bioremediation
Metals, minerals and microbes: geomicrobiology and bioremediation
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DOI：
10.1099/mic.0.037143-0
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发表时间：
2010-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.8
通讯作者：
Gadd, Geoffrey Michael
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Gadd, Geoffrey Michael
微生物在生物圈中发挥着关键的地球活性作用，特别是在元素生物转化和地球化学循环、金属和矿物转化、分解、生物风化以及土壤和沉积物形成等领域。所有种类的微生物，包括原核生物和真核生物，以及它们彼此之间和“高等生物”之间的共生关系，都可以对地质现象做出积极的贡献，许多这样的地质微生物过程的核心是金属和矿物的转化。微生物具有多种特性，可影响金属形态、毒性和流动性的变化，以及矿物形成或矿物溶解或变质。这种机制是金属以及生物质、土壤、岩石和矿物中的伴生元素（如硫和磷、类金属、锕系元素和金属放射性核素）的自然地球化学循环的重要组成部分。除了在自然生物圈过程中的重要性外，金属和矿物的转化在人类环境中可能产生有益或有害的后果。生物修复是应用生物系统清除有机和无机污染，细菌和真菌是回收、固定或解毒金属和放射性核素污染物的最重要生物。微生物沉积的一些生物矿物或金属元素具有纳米颗粒、晶体或胶体形式的催化和其他性质，这些与用于技术和抗菌目的的新型生物材料的开发有关。从消极的方面来说，微生物对金属和矿物的转化可能会导致天然和合成材料、岩石和矿物基建筑材料（例如混凝土）的腐败和破坏，酸性矿井排水和相关的金属污染，金属的生物腐蚀，合金和相关物质，以及对放射性核素形态、流动性和遏制的不利影响，所有这些都会带来巨大的社会和经济后果。微生物在生物圈过程中的普遍性和重要性使地质微生物学成为微生物学中最重要的概念之一，需要跨学科的方法来定义环境和应用意义，并支持生物技术的开发。
Microbes play key geoactive roles in the biosphere, particularly in the areas of element biotransformations and biogeochemical cycling, metal and mineral transformations, decomposition, bioweathering, and soil and sediment formation. All kinds of microbes, including prokaryotes and eukaryotes and their symbiotic associations with each other and 'higher organisms', can contribute actively to geological phenomena, and central to many such geomicrobial processes are transformations of metals and minerals. Microbes have a variety of properties that can effect changes in metal speciation, toxicity and mobility, as well as mineral formation or mineral dissolution or deterioration. Such mechanisms are important components of natural biogeochemical cycles for metals as well as associated elements in biomass, soil, rocks and minerals, e.g. sulfur and phosphorus, and metalloids, actinides and metal radionuclides. Apart from being important in natural biosphere processes, metal and mineral transformations can have beneficial or detrimental consequences in a human context. Bioremediation is the application of biological systems to the clean-up of organic and inorganic pollution, with bacteria and fungi being the most important organisms for reclamation, immobilization or detoxification of metallic and radionuclide pollutants. Some biominerals or metallic elements deposited by microbes have catalytic and other properties in nanoparticle, crystalline or colloidal forms, and these are relevant to the development of novel biomaterials for technological and antimicrobial purposes. On the negative side, metal and mineral transformations by microbes may result in spoilage and destruction of natural and synthetic materials, rock and mineral-based building materials (e.g. concrete), acid mine drainage and associated metal pollution, biocorrosion of metals, alloys and related substances, and adverse effects on radionuclide speciation, mobility and containment, all with immense social and economic consequences. The ubiquity and importance of microbes in biosphere processes make geomicrobiology one of the most important concepts within microbiology, and one requiring an interdisciplinary approach to define environmental and applied significance and underpin exploitation in biotechnology.