False friends are worse than bitter enemies: "Altruistic" punishment of in-group members
False friends are worse than bitter enemies: "Altruistic" punishment of in-group members
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DOI：
10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.08.001
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发表时间：
2004-11-01
影响因子：
5.1
通讯作者：
Ohmura, Y
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Shinada, M;Yamagishi, T;Ohmura, Y
人类社会最重要的特征之一是社会和经济交流中合作的普遍性。此外，社会科学家发现了压倒性的证据，表明这种合作行为很可能是针对群体中的成员。我们认为，合作的群体性包括惩罚行为。惩罚行为被用来维持社会交换系统内的合作，因此是针对交换系统的成员的。由于社会交流经常发生在群体内部，我们预测惩罚行为被用来维持惩罚者群体中的合作。具体地说，惩罚行为针对的是被发现不合作的组内成员。为了检验这一点，我们进行了一个带有第三方惩罚的送礼游戏实验。实验结果(N=90)支持以下假设：在送礼游戏中，合作的参与者对不合作的组内成员的惩罚比对不合作的组外成员的惩罚更严重。(C)2004 Elsevier Inc.保留所有权利。
One of the most critical features of human society is the pervasiveness of cooperation in social and economic exchanges. Moreover, social scientists have found overwhelming evidence that such cooperative behavior is likely to be directed toward in-group members. We propose that the group-based nature of cooperation includes punishment behavior. Punishment behavior is used to maintain cooperation within systems of social exchange and, thus, is directed towards members of an exchange system. Because social exchanges often take place within groups, we predict that punishment behavior is used to maintain cooperation in the punisher's group. Specifically, punishment behavior is directed toward in-group members who are found to be noncooperators. To examine this, we conducted a gift-giving game experiment with third-party punishment. The results of the experiment (N = 90) support the following hypothesis: Participants who are cooperative in a gift-giving game punish noncooperative in-group members more severely than they punish noncooperative out-group members. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.