STARFORGE: Toward a comprehensive numerical model of star cluster formation and feedback
STARFORGE: Toward a comprehensive numerical model of star cluster formation and feedback
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STARFORGE：建立星团形成和反馈的综合数值模型
DOI：
10.1093/mnras/stab1347
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发表时间：
2021
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
Faucher-Giguére, Claude-André
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Grudić, Michael Y;Guszejnov, Dávid;Hopkins, Philip F;Offner, Stella S;Faucher-Giguére, Claude-André
我们提出了STARFORGE(气体环境中的恒星形成)：一个新的三维辐射磁流体力学(MHD)模拟恒星形成的数值框架，它同时跟踪大质量巨型分子云(GMC)中单个恒星的形成、吸积、演化和动力学，同时考虑了恒星反馈，包括喷流、辐射加热和动量、恒星风和超新星。我们使用Gizmocode和MFM无网格拉格朗日MHD方法，并增加了重力、时间步长、汇粒子形成和吸积、恒星动力学和反馈耦合的新算法。我们调查了一系列关于汇形成和吸积的数值参数/处方，发现恒星形成历史和IMF中的变化非常小(故意的非物理变化除外)。用于质量注入反馈(风、SNE和喷流)的模块在运行中注入新的气体元素，消除了扩散反馈腔中的分辨率不足，否则拉格朗日方法所固有的。辐射的处理使用Gizmo的辐射传递解算器来跟踪五个频段(IR、光学、NUV、FUV、电离)，将直接恒星发射和尘埃发射与气体加热和辐射压力项相结合。我们在具有已知相似解的问题中演示了SNE、风和辐射的精确解，并表明我们的喷流模型对分辨率和数值细节是健壮的，并且与先前的AMR模拟很好地吻合。STARFORGE可以在当前的超级计算机上扩展到大规模(>；105M⊙)GMC，同时预测IMF的恒星(≳0.1 M⊙)范围，允许在广泛的条件下模拟高质量和低质量星系团的形成。
We present STARFORGE (STAR FORmation in Gaseous Environments): a new numerical framework for 3D radiation magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of star formation that simultaneously follow the formation, accretion, evolution, and dynamics of individual stars in massive giant molecular clouds (GMCs), while accounting for stellar feedback, including jets, radiative heating and momentum, stellar winds, and supernovae. We use thegizmocode with the MFM mesh-free Lagrangian MHD method, augmented with new algorithms for gravity, time-stepping, sink particle formation and accretion, stellar dynamics, and feedback coupling. We survey a wide range of numerical parameters/prescriptions for sink formation and accretion and find very small variations in star formation history and the IMF (except for intentionally unphysical variations). Modules for mass-injecting feedback (winds, SNe, and jets) inject new gas elements on the fly, eliminating the lack of resolution in diffuse feedback cavities otherwise inherent in Lagrangian methods. The treatment of radiation uses GIZMO’s radiative transfer solver to track five frequency bands (IR, optical, NUV, FUV, ionizing), coupling direct stellar emission and dust emission with gas heating and radiation pressure terms. We demonstrate accurate solutions for SNe, winds, and radiation in problems with known similarity solutions, and show that our jet module is robust to resolution and numerical details, and agrees well with previous AMR simulations. STARFORGE can scale up to massive (>105M⊙) GMCs on current supercomputers while predicting the stellar (≳0.1 M⊙) range of the IMF, permitting simulations of both high- and low-mass cluster formation in a wide range of conditions.