Probabilistic environmental risk assessment of microplastics in marine habitats
Probabilistic environmental risk assessment of microplastics in marine habitats
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DOI：
10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105689
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发表时间：
2021-01-01
影响因子：
4.5
通讯作者：
Nowack, Bernd
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Adam, Veronique;von Wyl, Alex;Nowack, Bernd
微塑料在环境中普遍存在，鉴于大量发表的危害和暴露研究，对微塑料进行定量环境风险评估成为可能。我们在这里介绍了仅基于测量的浓度进行的第一次海洋水域环境风险评估。在暴露评估中考虑了测量数据的可变性和不确定性，而在危害评估中使用了概率物种敏感性分布，从中提取了预测的无影响浓度(PNEC)的概率分布。通过将暴露分布除以PNEC分布，我们能够计算执行测量的每个水体的概率风险特征比率。结果表明，通过测量的暴露浓度(MECs)很好地覆盖了世界主要水体，而通过将危害研究中测试的颗粒物类型(尺寸、形态、聚合物)与海洋中实际发现的颗粒物类型相一致，可以改进危害评估。总体而言，预测的平均无作用浓度(PNEC)为3.84.10(6)部分m(-3)，其中水稻是最敏感的物种(计算的平均NOEC为3.90.10(6)部分m(-)(3))。有趣的是，从文献中可以提取的关于10-20微米以上颗粒物的唯一剂量描述符是最高观察无效应浓度(HONEC)，这表明这些较大的MPS对海洋生物的毒性非常低或为零。平均MEC为1.5.10(3)部分m(-)(3)，是在大西洋和太平洋测得的最高浓度。尽管与RCR相关的概率分布有很小的重叠(占数据点的0.00002)，但平均RCR值为4.10(-4)，因此在现有数据下风险不太可能存在。然而，随着越来越多的塑料进入环境，可望在未来增加RCR。
Microplastics are ubiquitous in the environment and given the large number of published hazard and exposure studies, quantitative environmental risks assessments of microplastics become feasible. We present here the first environmental risk assessment for marine waters based only on measured concentrations. The Thevariability and uncertainty of the measured data was accounted for in the exposure assessment, while probabilistic species sensitivity distributions were used for hazard assessment, from which a probability distribution was extracted for the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC). By dividing the exposure distribution by the PNEC-distribution, we were able to calculate probabilistic risk characterisation ratios for each water body in which measurements were performed. Results show a good coverage of the world's major water bodies by measured exposure concentrations (MECs), while the hazard assessment could be improved by aligning the type of particles tested in hazard studies (size, form, polymer) to those actually found in the oceans. Overall, the mean predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) is 3.84.10(6) part m(-3), with Oryzias melastigma being the most sensitive species (calculated mean NOEC of 3.90.10(6) part m(-)(3)). Interestingly, the only type of dose descriptor that could be extracted from the literature for particles above 10-20 mu m was the highest observed no effect concentration (HONEC), which indicates a very low or null toxicity of these larger MPs towards marine organisms. The mean MEC is 1.5.10(3) part m(-)(3), the highest concentrations being measured in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. Although there is a very small overlap of the probability distribution associated with the RCR (0.00002 % of the data points), the mean RCR is 4.10(-4) and therefore risks are unlikely given the available data. However, as increasing amounts of plastic reach the environment, RCRs can be expected to increase in the future.