Remediation of Polluted Soil in China: Policy and Technology Bottlenecks.
Remediation of Polluted Soil in China: Policy and Technology Bottlenecks.
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DOI：
10.1021/acs.est.7b05471
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发表时间：
2017-12
影响因子：
11.4
通讯作者：
Congbin Xu;Wenjie Yang;Lusheng Zhu;A. Juhasz;L. Ma;Jun Wang;Aijun Lin
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Congbin Xu;Wenjie Yang;Lusheng Zhu;A. Juhasz;L. Ma;Jun Wang;Aijun Lin
Faced with severe soil pollution, China has promulgated environmental laws, regulations, and standards to control soil pollution. For example, in 2016 the State Council of China issued a Soil Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan. The plan was aimed at making 90% of polluted farmland soil safe for human use by 2020 and 95% by 2030, as specified in China, s 13th Five-Year Plan. 1 The Chinese government has made progress by promulgating policies, but the country still lags in its effort to realize these goals in actual practice. China has undertaken 100 soil remediation projects from 2013 to 2015, and the number of projects is 28, 40, and 32, respectively, indicating a decline in 2015 compared to 2014. Farmland restoration accounts for only about 10% of the projects, significantly below the expectations of the government. 2 A significant problem facing local governments, companies and the general public is the lack of clarity on the extent of China, s soil pollution. In 2014, a soil survey report was released by the government. It indicated that 16% of the samples collected from sites across 1500 surveyed areas representing 6.3 million square kilometers exceeded soil standards for a range of organic and inorganic contaminants. 3 However, the survey was limited in its extent and did not fully reflect the actual extent of soil pollution across the Chinese landscape. We believe that more comprehensive information is needed to assess the risk to the population and to prioritize remediation of agricultural and urban soils.The Institute of Public & Environmental Affairs published a map (see Figure 1) detailing soil pollution risk, the first such map made available to the public in China following public outcry regarding soil pollution at a Changzhou school, which caused almost 500 students to suffered symptoms such as skin inflammation, eczema and bronchitis. 4 The map identified 4500 companies from 13 industries including chemical production, mining and smelting that could have polluted nearby soils. The companies were classified according to whether they were stateowned (89%), nonstate owned (11%) or if they were located in industrial zones. Although geographic regions of potential impact were useful, the map did not provide specific detail regarding the location of polluted sites nor the degree of soil pollution. However, the map may be useful in the soil risk assessment and its remediation prioritization. The pollution risk map and polluted site registry increased public awareness of soil pollution and related issues. To turn awareness into action, we believe that a strategy is required to consolidate soil pollution data and implement China, s new environmental policies. In addition, it is unclear whether there are enforceable requirements for soil pollution and how these data will be managed and reported. The implementation of long-term soil remediation strategies faces significant economic challenges. The Soil Action Plan is based on the polluter pays principle, which is the idea underlying the US Superfund. Although this is a pragmatic approach, it may be impractical for China. In China, it is often difficult to identify parties responsible for pollution and to enforce the polluter pays principle. This situation is complicated further by the fact that some soil pollution may have resulted from agricultural inputs by farmers. According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection, 3 the cost of soil remediation could be as high as hundreds of thousands of yuan per ha depending on the contaminant and the extent of contamination. With an annual income from farmland at
