Utilizing GIS Technology to Improve Fire Prevention Activities in an Urban Fire Department.
Utilizing GIS Technology to Improve Fire Prevention Activities in an Urban Fire Department.
复制标题
利用 GIS 技术改善城市消防部门的消防活动。
DOI：
10.1097/bcr.0000000000000158
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发表时间：
2015
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Gielen,AndreaC
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Shields,WendyC;Shields,TimothyM;McDonald,EileenM;Perry,EliseC;Hanna,Peter;Gielen,AndreaC
烟雾报警器分配计划将是低效的，除非他们的目标是家庭需要烟雾报警器。确定有需要的家庭是复杂的，因为许多人认为他们有一个工作的烟雾报警器，而事实上他们没有。在全国电话调查中，超过95%的受访者报告说有烟雾报警器。7、8然而，观察性研究记录了报告的烟雾报警器与实际存在的烟雾报警器之间的差异。当东巴尔的摩的居民被问及他们家的每一层是否都有烟雾报警器时，超过30%的人错误地多报了。俄克拉荷马州的一项研究发现，66%的受访者报告说有烟雾报警器。然而，当数据收集器测试报警器进行验证时，超过20%的报警器失败，估计有51%的家庭没有受到烟雾报警器的保护。9.一旦正确确定了需要安装烟雾报警器的家庭，提供烟雾报警器的最佳方法就是另一个问题了。以前的研究已经证明，烟雾报警器的分布本身并不起作用。10，11 Harvey等人发现，与收到代金券或免费烟雾报警器的家庭相比，直接安装烟雾报警器的家庭更有可能在6个月后拥有一个正常工作的烟雾报警器。12确保社区得到烟雾报警器充分保护的这些复杂性强调了找到有效方法来瞄准消防部门游说和安装计划的重要性。地理信息系统提供了一种经济的工具，将联合收割机的描述性数据与空间数据结合起来，从而可以发现新的模式和趋势。地理信息系统技术被用来以综合和直观的方式交流复杂的地理空间信息。自20世纪90年代以来，卫生部门（HD）已经成功地使用GIS技术进行项目规划和评估。13 - 15利用地理信息系统，人道主义机构能够查明社区需求与人道主义机构提供的相关服务之间的差距，以改进方案的执行。16、17消防部门以前曾使用GIS技术来改善响应时间、进行风险分析和改进灭火活动，18、19并可能受益于扩大其对该技术的使用，以加强防火方案的交付和评估。北卡罗来纳州卫生部已经证明了通过评估"警惕，NC!"利用地理信息系统技术将联合收割机家庭报警装置与火灾发生数据相结合。20这项研究是第一次报告地理信息系统作为评价防火活动的工具。1999年，消防部门首次使用GIS来管理野火。21.消防服务活动的复杂性和地理信息系统的动态技术使两者成为完美的结合，1999年的研究就是一个例子。从这一单一的GIS研究中，确定了多个好处，包括降低成本和提高安全性。在过去的二十年中，GIS在消防服务中的使用已经变得普遍，并导致在森林和结构火灾中使用增强的信息进行灭火。21，22消防部门、住房规划者和城市官员之间的合作导致了多层地图的制作，这反过来又导致了响应时间的改善，资源分配，甚至通过跟踪危险材料来提高安全性。尽管GIS技术的强大和简单，GIS还没有被实施为一个工具，规划预防活动的消防服务。正如灭火效率提高了GIS技术，防火工作也可以受益于...
Smoke alarm distribution programs will be inefficient unless they target households that are in need of smoke alarms. Identifying homes in need is complicated by the fact that many people believe that they have a working smoke alarm when in fact they do not. Over 95% of respondents to national telephone surveys reported having a smoke alarm. 7, 8 However, observational studies have documented the discrepancy between reported and actual presence of a working smoke alarm. When residents in East Baltimore were asked if they had a working smoke alarm on every level of their home, over 30% incorrectly over-reported. 6 A study in Oklahoma City found that 66% of respondents reported having a smoke alarm. However, when data collectors tested the alarms for verification, the alarm failed in over 20% of these cases, leaving an estimated 51% of homes unprotected by a working smoke alarm. 9 Once homes in need of a smoke alarm are correctly identified, the best approach to providing one is another issue. Previous research has demonstrated that smoke alarm distribution alone does not work. 10, 11 Harvey et al found that families who had their smoke alarm directly installed were much more likely to have a functioning smoke alarm 6 months later as compared to families who received a voucher or a free smoke alarm. 12 These complexities to ensure communities are fully protected by smoke alarms underscore the importance of finding efficient ways to target fire department canvassing and installation programs. Geographic Information System (GIS) provides an economical tool to combine descriptive data with spatial data that can lead to identification of novel patterns and trends. GIS technology is used to communicate complex geospatial information in an integrated and visual manner. Health Departments (HDs) have been successfully using GIS technology for program planning and evaluation since the 1990s. 13–15 Using GIS, HDs have been able to identify gaps between community needs and relevant services offered by HDs to improve program delivery. 16, 17 Fire departments have previously used GIS technology to improve response times, conduct risk analysis, and improve fire suppression activities, 18, 19 and may benefit from expanding their use of the technology to enhance delivery and evaluation of fire prevention programs. The North Carolina Health Department has demonstrated the potential lives saved via an evaluation of the “Get Alarmed, NC!” program by using GIS technology to combine home alarm installation and fire incidence data. 20 This study was the first to report on GIS as a tool for the evaluation of fire prevention activities. GIS was first used by the fire service to manage wildfires in 1999. 21 The complexity of fire service activities and the dynamic technology of GIS make the two a perfect fit as exemplified in the 1999 study. From this single GIS study, multiple benefits were identified including cost reduction and improved safety. Over the past two decades, the use of GIS in the fire service has become widespread and has led the use of enhanced information for fire suppression in both forestry and structural fires. 21, 22 Collaborations among fire departments, housing planners, and city officials have led to the production of multi-layer maps that have, in turn, led to improved response time, resource allocation, and even improved safety by tracking hazardous materials. Despite the power and simplicity of GIS technology, GIS has yet to be implemented as a tool for planning preventative activities within the fire service. Just as fire suppression gained efficiencies with GIS technology, fire prevention efforts can also benefit by …