How children learn to organize their speech gestures: further evidence from fricative-vowel syllables.
How children learn to organize their speech gestures: further evidence from fricative-vowel syllables.
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孩子们如何学习组织他们的言语手势：来自摩擦元音音节的进一步证据。
DOI：
10.1044/jshr.3902.379
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发表时间：
1996
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Neely,ST
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Nittrouer,S;Studdert-Kennedy,M;Neely,ST
先前对摩擦音元音（FV）音节的研究表明，儿童语音中摩擦音的整体频谱差异比成人小，但摩擦音在第二构音区（F2）作为即将到来的元音的函数，在摩擦音的相应点上比成人表现出更大的差异。这些结果被解释为证据，证明儿童产生的摩擦音不像成人那样具有空间差异，并且儿童在音节产生过程中比成人更早地开始元音手势（Nittrouer, Studdert-Kennedy, & McGowan, 1989）。本研究的目的是：(a)重复先前f2与FV音节的年龄相关差异；(b)测试另一种解释，即摩擦音f2的年龄相关差异反映了声道几何形状的年龄相关差异；(c)确定F2的年龄相关差异（由此推断）是否会超出音节边界，可能会进入前一个非重读音节的弱读；(d)确定除摩擦手势以外的其他手势在儿童语言中的空间差异是否小于成人语言。为此，我们测量了40名说话者（3岁、5岁、7岁和成人各10名）在三个位置（整个弱读音，在发声前30毫秒的10毫秒摩擦噪声，以及从发声中心开始的10个音高周期）的弱读音-摩擦音-元音（包括摩擦音/s/和/ j /以及元音/i/和/ j /）的f2频率。几项分析的结果支持四个结论：(a)先前的发现得到了重复；(b)声道几何形状的年龄相关差异不能解释元音对摩擦噪声影响的年龄相关差异；(c)儿童先掌握音节间手势组织，后掌握音节内手势组织；(d)与摩擦手势不同，儿童的元音手势在空间上比成人更明显。
Previous studies with fricative-vowel (FV) syllables have shown that the difference in overall spectrum between fricatives is less in children’s speech than in that of adults, but that fricative noises show greater differences in the region of the second formant (F2) as a function of the upcoming vowel than those of adults at corresponding points in the fricative. These results have been interpreted as evidence that children produce fricatives that are not as spatially differentiated as those of adults and that children initiate vowel gestures earlier during syllable production than adults do (Nittrouer, Studdert-Kennedy, & McGowan, 1989). The goals of the present study were (a) to replicate the previous age-related difference for F2with FV syllables; (b) to test the alternative interpretation that age-related differences in fricative F2reflect age-related differences in vocal-tract geometry; (c) to determine whether age-related differences in F2(and so, by inference] in articulatory organization) might extend beyond the syllable boundaries, perhaps into the schwa of a preceding unstressed syllable; and (d) to determine if gestures other than fricative gestures show less spatial differentiation in children’s than in adults’ speech. To these ends, F2frequencies were measured in schwa-fricative-vowel utterances (consisting of the fricatives /s/ and /ʃ/ and of the vowels /i/ and /ɑ/)from 40 speakers (10 each of the ages of 3, 5, 7 years, and adults) at three locations (for the entire schwa, for 10 ms of fricative noise centered at 30 ms before voicing onset, and for 10 pitch periods from vocalic center). Results of several analyses supported four conclusions: (a) the earlier finding was replicated; (b) age-related differences in vocal-tract geometry could not explain the age-related difference in vowel effects on fricative noise; (c) children master intersyllabic gestural organization prior to intrasyllabic gestural organization; and (d) unlike fricative gestures, children’s vowel gestures are more spatially distinct than those of adults.
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DOI：
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DOI：
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发表时间：
1985-08
期刊：
Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance
影响因子：
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