STUDIES OF THE CAROTID RETE AND ITS ASSOCIATED ARTERIES
STUDIES OF THE CAROTID RETE AND ITS ASSOCIATED ARTERIES
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DOI：
10.1098/rstb.1953.0003
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发表时间：
1953-01-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
PRICHARD, MML
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
DANIEL, PM;DAWES, JDK;PRICHARD, MML
这项工作记录了对不同种类哺乳动物颅内血液供应的解剖调查。这一发现是基于对注射了不透明放射物质的标本和注射氯丁橡胶乳胶制成的血管模型的x光片的研究，以及对注射制剂的解剖。在猫、绵羊、山羊、牛和猪身上都发现了发育良好的颈动脉网，在狗身上也发现了这种结构的雏形。猫的网膜位于颅骨外，而其他物种的网膜位于颅骨内的海绵窦内。在兔子和大鼠身上都没有颈动脉网。颈动脉网由紧密交织、自由吻合的动脉网络组成，与三叉神经分支有关。当神经网络位于颅内时，与另一侧神经网络的中线有不同程度的通信。无论位于颅内还是颅外，血管都位于静脉湖中。颈动脉网发育良好与颈内动脉不存在或变性有关。在猫身上发现的这条动脉的唯一残余部分是一根细纤维索。山羊、绵羊和猪的颈内动脉在神经网近端缺失，但连接神经网和威利斯肌圈的大干被确定为该动脉的远端仍然存在。在牛（一种年轻的动物）中，一个类似的躯干将颈动脉与威利斯肌圈连接起来，形成了一个仍然存在但相对狭窄的颈内动脉近端段的延续。供应颈动脉网的主要血管有上颌内动脉（通常经吻合支和吻合动脉）、咽升动脉和枕动脉。猫、绵羊、山羊和牛的主要供血血管是上颌内动脉，而猪的主要供血血管是咽升动脉。在牛中，枕动脉提供了很大的贡献。吻合支和吻合动脉在颈外动脉和颈内动脉系统之间形成连接它们在海绵窦内相互连接。颅内颈动脉网是在他的位置发育的，但在猫身上看到的颅外颈动脉网位于内颌动脉周围，在偶指吻合动脉起源的位置。不同种类的颈动脉网的情况变化是沿着吻合动脉的线。提示吻合动脉和吻合支分别与兔和人的脑膜复发动脉和脑膜中动脉同源。描述了供应眶和筛区的动脉，并讨论了眼外动脉的同源性。在猫身上看到的这些区域供应的巨大变化被认为与颅外颈动脉网的存在有关。尽管不同种类的动物有差异，但在供应头部的大动脉中可以看出一个基本的模式。这表明，这种基本模式与原始的镫骨动脉有关，所见的变化是由于早期血管分支的改变。我们发现威利斯肌圈的血液供应来自以下五个来源中的一个或多个：颈内动脉、颈外动脉系统、咽升动脉、椎动脉（经基底动脉）和枕动脉。在没有颈内动脉的情况下，血液的最大贡献是通过…
This work records an investigation of the anatomy of the cranial blood supply in various species of mammal. The findings were based on a study of radiographs of specimens injected with a radioopaque mass and of casts of the vessels made by injection of neoprene latex, and on dissections of injected preparations. A well-developed carotid rete was found to be present in the cat, sheep, goat, ox and pig, and a rudimentary form of this structure was found in the dog. In the cat the rete is situated extracranially, but in the other species it lies within the cranium in the cavernous sinus. There is no carotid rete in the rabbit or the rat. The carotid rete consists of a compact network of intertwined, freely anastomosing arteries, and is related to the branches of the trigeminal nerve. When the rete is situated intracranially there is a variable degree of communication across the mid-line with the rete of the opposite side. W hether situated intracranially or extracranially the rete lies within a venous lake. The presence of a well-developed carotid rete was associated with the non-persistence of, or a degenerating internal carotid artery. A thin fibrous cord was the only rem nant of this artery found in the cat. In the goat, sheep and pig the internal carotid artery was absent proximal to the rete, but the large trunk which connected the rete with the circle of Willis was identified as representing the still persisting distal segment of this artery. In the ox (a young animal) a similar trunk connecting the rete with the circle of Willis formed the continuation of a still persisting but relatively narrow proximal segment of the internal carotid artery. The main vessels which may supply the carotid rete are the internal maxillary artery (usually via the ramus anastomoticus and the arteria anastomotica), the ascending pharyngeal artery, and the occipital artery. In the cat, sheep, goat and ox the chief vessel of supply is the internal maxillary artery, but in the pig it is the ascending pharyngeal artery. In the ox a substantial contribution is provided by the occipital artery. Both the ramus anastomoticus and the arteria anastomotica form connexions between the external and internal carotid systems and they join one another within the cavernous sinus. It is at his site that the intracranial carotid rete is developed, but the extracranial carotid rete, seen in the cat, is situated around the internal maxillary artery at the site of origin of the arteria anastomotica of the artiodactyls. The variations in the situation of the carotid rete in different species is along the line of the arteria anastomotica. It is suggested that the arteria anastomotica and the ramus anastomoticus respectively are homologous with the recurrent meningeal and the middle meningeal arteries of the rabbit and man. The arteries which supply the orbital and the ethmoidal regions are described and the homologies of the external ophthalmic artery are discussed. The great variability in the supply of these territories which was seen in the cat is thought to be associated with the presence of an extracranial carotid rete. In spite of variations in different species of animal a basic pattern can be discerned in the major arteries supplying the head. It is suggested that this basic pattern is related to a primitive stapedial artery, and that the variations seen are due to modifications of the branches of this earlier vessel. The circle of Willis was found to derive its blood supply from one or more of five sources: the internal carotid artery, the external carotid arterial system, the ascending pharyngeal artery, the vertebral artery (via the basilar artery) and the occipital artery. In the absence of an internal carotid artery the greatest contribution of blood passes to the circle of Willis through the …