Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic, cognitive, and neurobehavioral effects of alcohol consumption during adolescence
Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic, cognitive, and neurobehavioral effects of alcohol consumption during adolescence
复制标题
DOI：
10.1016/j.alcohol.2009.10.003
复制
发表时间：
2010-02-01
期刊：
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Pascual, Maria
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Guerri, Consuelo;Pascual, Maria
过去十年的研究表明，青春期是从童年到成年的大脑成熟期。可塑性和动态过程推动青少年大脑发育，创造灵活性，使大脑能够完善自身，专业化，并针对特定需求强化其功能。成熟的连接使大脑区域之间的交流增加，从而实现更大的整合和复杂性。令人信服的证据表明，发育中的大脑容易受到乙醇的破坏性影响。因此，可以推断，在关键的青少年发育阶段，酒精暴露可能会破坏大脑的可塑性和成熟过程，导致行为和认知缺陷。最近的神经影像学研究提供了人类青少年饮酒对大脑结构和功能影响的证据。在实验动物身上的发现也为酒精对青少年大脑成熟和青少年饮酒的短期和长期认知后果的毒性作用的潜在机制提供了新的见解。青春期的特征还在于调节奖励的大脑系统的快速成熟和与压力相关的激素分泌的变化，可能参与焦虑增加的事件以及酒精和药物消费的初始模式。对青少年的研究表明，早期饮酒会增加出现酒精相关问题的可能性。实验证据表明，早期接触酒精会使成瘾的神经回路敏感，并影响染色质重塑，这些事件可能会诱导奖励相关学习过程的异常可塑性，从而导致青少年对药物成瘾的脆弱性。我们综述了乙醇影响大脑发育、导致大脑损伤、认知和行为功能障碍以及神经生物学功能障碍的潜在机制。和神经化学过程的基础上，具体的脆弱性，药物成瘾。(C)2010年爱思唯尔公司All rights reserved.
Studies over the last decade demonstrate that adolescence is a brain maturation period from childhood to adulthood. Plastic and dynamic processes drive adolescent brain development, creating flexibility that allows the brain to refine itself, specialize, and sharpen its functions for specific demands. Maturing connections enable increased communication among brain regions, allowing greater integration and complexity. Compelling evidence has shown that the developing brain is vulnerable to the damaging effects of ethanol. It is possible to infer, therefore, that alcohol exposure during the critical adolescent developmental stages could disrupt the brain plasticity and maturation processes, resulting in behavioral and cognitive deficits. Recent neuroimaging studies have provided evidence of the impact of human adolescent drinking in brain structure and functions. Findings in experimental animals have also given new insight into the potential mechanisms of the toxic effects of ethanol on both adolescent brain maturation and the short- and long-term cognitive consequences of adolescent drinking.Adolescence is also characterized by the rapid maturation of brain systems mediating reward and by changes in the secretion of stress-related hormones, events that might participate in the increasing in anxiety and the initiation pattern of alcohol and drug consumption. Studies in human adolescents demonstrate that drinking at early ages can enhance the likelihood of developing alcohol-related problems. Experimental evidence suggests that early exposure to alcohol sensitizes the neurocircuitry of addiction and affects chromatin remodeling, events that could induce abnormal plasticity in reward related learning processes that contribute to adolescents' vulnerability to drug addiction.In this article, we review the potential mechanisms by which ethanol impacts brain development and lead to brain impairments and cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions as well as the neurobiological and neurochemical processes underlying the adolescent-specific vulnerability to drug addiction. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.